About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments to the First Edition |
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xxvii | |
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition |
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xxix | |
Part 1 Introductory Material |
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1 | (10) |
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Purpose and Use of Citations |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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Organization within Each Part of This Book |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Footnotes Versus Endnotes |
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6 | (1) |
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Citing Sources Not Covered in This Book |
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6 | (1) |
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Sources for Additional Information |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Web Site for Updates and Frequently Asked Questions |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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How Your Word Processor May Affect Citations |
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8 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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Default Settings and Quick Correct Features |
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9 | (2) |
Part 2 Citation Basics |
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11 | (50) |
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13 | (4) |
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13 | (1) |
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When to Use Ordinary Type in Citations |
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13 | (1) |
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When to Use Italics in Citations |
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13 | (1) |
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Typeface for Punctuation in Citations |
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14 | (1) |
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Possessive Endings of Italicized Material |
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14 | (1) |
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Italicized Material within Italicized Material |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Italicizing Foreign Words |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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Spacing for Abbreviations |
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17 | (1) |
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Authorities Referred to in Textual Sentences |
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18 | (3) |
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Spelling and Capitalization |
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21 | (8) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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Capitalizing Specific Words |
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24 | (4) |
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Other Capitalization and Spelling Rules |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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Numbers in Textual Material |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (4) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Importance of Using Pinpoint References |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Using Hyphens, En Dashes, and ``to'' for Spans |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Citing Sections and Paragraphs |
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37 | (6) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Inserting the Symbols for Sections and Paragraphs |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Subsections and Subparagraphs |
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38 | (1) |
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Distinguishing Sections from Subsections |
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39 | (1) |
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Citing Consecutive Sections or Paragraphs |
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39 | (1) |
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Citing Scattered Sections or Paragraphs |
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40 | (1) |
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Citing Consecutive Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph |
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40 | (1) |
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Citing Scattered Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph |
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41 | (1) |
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Citing Multiple Subdivisions within Multiple Sections or Paragraphs |
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41 | (1) |
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Referring to Sections and Paragraphs in Textual Material |
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41 | (2) |
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Citing Footnotes and Endnotes |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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Citing Material Found Only in a Supplement |
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45 | (1) |
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Citing Material Found Only in the Main Volume |
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45 | (1) |
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Citing Material in Both the Main Volume and a Supplement |
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45 | (2) |
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Graphical Material, Appendices, and Other Subdivisions |
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47 | (2) |
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Citing Graphical Material |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Internal Cross-References |
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49 | (4) |
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49 | (1) |
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Material That May Be Cross-Referenced |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Format for Internal Cross-References |
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50 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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Introduction to Full and Short Citation Formats |
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53 | (8) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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54 | (3) |
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Supra as a Short Citation |
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57 | (4) |
Part 3 Citing Specific Print Sources |
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61 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Cases |
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63 | (40) |
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65 | (38) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (10) |
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Distinguishing Case Names from Party Names |
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66 | (6) |
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Public Official Named as a Party |
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72 | (2) |
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Explanation of Commonly Used Procedural Phrases |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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Common Reporter Abbreviations |
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76 | (2) |
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Early Supreme Court Reporters |
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78 | (1) |
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Locating Parallel Citations |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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Information about Denials of Certiorari |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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Additional Rules Concerning Subsequent and Prior History |
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88 | (2) |
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Parenthetical Information |
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90 | (2) |
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Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Other Judicial Officials |
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91 | (1) |
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Cases Published Only on LEXIS or Westlaw |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Table Cases and Federal Appendix Cases |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Cases Published Only in a Looseleaf Service |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Early Federal Circuit Cases |
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96 | (2) |
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Court Rules Prohibiting or Limiting Citation of Unreported Cases in Briefs |
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97 | (1) |
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Court Documents, Transcripts, and Records |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (5) |
Fast Formats: Constitutions |
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103 | (4) |
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104 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Constitutions Currently in Force |
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104 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Constitutions No Longer in Force |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Referring to Constitutions in Text |
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106 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws |
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107 | (13) |
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Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws |
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108 | (12) |
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108 | (1) |
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Full Citation, Print Format for Federal Statutes Currently in Force |
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108 | (4) |
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Date of United States Code |
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111 | (1) |
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Full Citation, Print Format for Federal Statutes No Longer in Force |
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112 | (1) |
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Full Citation, Print Format for State Statutes |
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112 | (1) |
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Statutes Available on Electronic Databases |
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112 | (1) |
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Short Citation, Print Format for Federal and State Statutes |
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113 | (2) |
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Referring to Statutes in Text |
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114 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws Currently in Force |
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115 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws No Longer in Force |
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117 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Session Laws |
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117 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal and State Session Laws |
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117 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Slip Laws |
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118 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Slip Laws |
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118 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal and State Slip Laws |
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118 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Other Federal Legislative Materials |
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120 | (18) |
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Other Federal Legislative Materials |
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121 | (17) |
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Full Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions |
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121 | (3) |
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122 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions |
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124 | (1) |
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Enacted Bills and Joint Resolutions |
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124 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions |
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124 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions |
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125 | (1) |
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Proposed House and Senate Amendments |
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125 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Congressional Hearings |
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126 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Congressional Hearings |
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128 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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129 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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132 | (1) |
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Unnumbered Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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132 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873 |
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132 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873 |
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134 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873 |
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135 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873 |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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United States Code Congressional and Administrative News |
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136 | (1) |
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Declaration of Independence |
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137 | (1) |
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Other Legislative Materials |
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137 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Other State Legislative Materials |
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138 | (13) |
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Other State Legislative Materials |
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139 | (12) |
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Full Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions |
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139 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions |
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142 | (1) |
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State Enacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions |
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142 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings |
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142 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings |
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144 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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145 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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147 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Legislative Debates |
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148 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for State Legislative Debates |
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150 | (1) |
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State Legislative Journals |
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150 | (1) |
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Other State Legislative Materials |
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150 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics |
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151 | (7) |
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Court Rules, Ethics Rules and Opinions, and Jury Instructions |
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153 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format for Rules Currently in Force |
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153 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Rules No Longer in Force |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Ethics Opinions |
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154 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Ethics Opinions |
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156 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Jury Instructions |
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156 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Jury Instructions |
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157 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Local Ordinances |
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158 | (5) |
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159 | (4) |
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Full Citation Format for Codified Ordinances |
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159 | (1) |
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Locating Ordinances on the Internet |
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160 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Uncodified Ordinances |
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160 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Codified and Uncodified Ordinances |
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162 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Federal Administrative and Executive Materials |
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163 | (13) |
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Federal Administrative and Executive Materials |
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164 | (12) |
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Full Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations |
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164 | (1) |
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Determining the Date of Current C.F.R. Volumes |
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165 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations |
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165 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Register |
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166 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal Register |
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167 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Agency Decisions |
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167 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Agency Decisions |
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169 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions |
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169 | (2) |
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Purpose of Attorney General Opinions |
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170 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions |
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171 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans |
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171 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Other Presidential Documents |
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174 | (1) |
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Other Administrative and Executive Materials |
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174 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
Fast Formats: State Administrative and Executive Materials |
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176 | (5) |
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State Administrative and Executive Materials |
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177 | (4) |
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Full Citation for State Administrative Codes |
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177 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Administrative Codes |
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177 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Administrative Registers |
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177 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Administrative Registers |
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178 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Agency Decisions |
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178 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Agency Decisions |
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178 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions |
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178 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions |
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179 | (1) |
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State Executive Materials |
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179 | (1) |
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Other State Administrative and Executive Materials |
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179 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Treaties and Conventions |
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181 | (6) |
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Treaties and Conventions to Which the United States Is a Party |
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183 | (4) |
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Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions Currently in Force |
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183 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions No Longer in Force |
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185 | (1) |
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Internet Access to International Materials |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Other Foreign and International Materials |
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186 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials |
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187 | (14) |
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Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials |
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188 | (13) |
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188 | (9) |
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Short Citation Format for Works Other Than Those in a Collection |
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197 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Works in a Collection |
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198 | (3) |
Fast Formats: Legal and Other Periodicals |
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201 | (8) |
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Legal and Other Periodicals |
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202 | (7) |
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202 | (5) |
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Identifying Student Authors |
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203 | (4) |
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207 | (2) |
Fast Formats: A.L.R. Annotations |
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209 | (4) |
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210 | (3) |
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210 | (1) |
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Abbreviations for A.L.R. Series |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Legal Dictionaries |
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213 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Legal Encyclopedias |
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215 | (5) |
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216 | (4) |
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216 | (3) |
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Encyclopedia Abbreviations |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws, and Sentencing Guidelines |
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220 | (6) |
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Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws |
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221 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format for Restatements |
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221 | (2) |
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Subject Matters of Restatements |
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222 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Restatements |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Looseleaf Services and Reporters |
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226 | (7) |
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Looseleaf Services and Reporters |
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227 | (6) |
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Full Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services |
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227 | (4) |
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Abbreviations for Looseleaf Publishers |
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229 | (1) |
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Understanding Paragraphs in Looseleaf Services |
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230 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services |
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231 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services |
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231 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services |
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232 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records |
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233 | (6) |
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Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records |
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234 | (5) |
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234 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents |
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234 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Transcripts |
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236 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents and for Transcripts |
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237 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Appellate Records |
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237 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Appellate Records |
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238 | (1) |
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Inserting Document Names and Record Cites in Memoranda and Court Documents |
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238 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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239 | (5) |
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Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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240 | (4) |
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Full Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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240 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Interviews |
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244 | (4) |
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245 | (3) |
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Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by the Author |
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245 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by Another |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Letters and Memoranda |
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248 | (4) |
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249 | (3) |
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Full Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda |
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249 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda |
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250 | (1) |
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Published Letters and Memoranda |
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251 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts |
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252 | (5) |
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Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Sound Recordings |
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257 | (3) |
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258 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Entire Recordings |
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258 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for a Single Work in a Collection |
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259 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Sound Recordings |
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259 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Microformed Materials |
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260 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Also Available in Print Format |
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261 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Not Otherwise Available |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Forthcoming Works |
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262 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Unpublished Works |
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264 | (3) |
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265 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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|
266 | (1) |
Part 4 Electronic Sources |
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267 | (5) |
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General Information about Online and Electronic Citation Formats |
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269 | (3) |
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Source Available in Print and Electronic Formats |
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269 | (1) |
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Source Available Only in Electronic Format |
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270 | (2) |
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Accessing and Preserving of Electronic Sources |
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271 | (1) |
Fast Formats: Westlaw and Lexis |
|
272 | (5) |
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273 | (4) |
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Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Available |
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273 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Not Available |
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273 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Westlaw and Lexis Citations |
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274 | (1) |
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Compilation of Materials from Electronic Databases |
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|
275 | (2) |
Fast Formats: World Wide Web Sites |
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277 | (8) |
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278 | (7) |
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278 | (5) |
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|
283 | (2) |
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Types of Web Sites and Indicia of Reliability |
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283 | (2) |
Fast Formats: Electronic Mail |
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285 | (3) |
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286 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Personal E-mail |
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286 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for E-mail Sent to a Discussion Group or Listserv |
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286 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for E-mail |
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287 | (1) |
Fast Formats: CD-ROM Material |
|
288 | (3) |
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289 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
Part 5 Incorporating Citations into Documents |
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291 | (22) |
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Citation Placement and Use |
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293 | (6) |
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293 | (3) |
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Using Your Word Processor to Format Footnotes |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Number of Sources to Cite |
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297 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Determining Which Authorities to Cite in a Legal Memorandum or Court Document |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Signals and Explanatory Parentheticals |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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Placement and Typeface of Signals |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Order of Signals and Punctuation between Different Signals |
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302 | (1) |
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Order of Cited Authorities |
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303 | (6) |
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303 | (1) |
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Punctuation between Citations |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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Specific Order of Authorities |
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305 | (4) |
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Explanatory Parentheticals |
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309 | (4) |
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Using Explanatory Parentheticals |
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309 | (1) |
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Using Explanatory Parentheticals Effectively |
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309 | (1) |
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Placement of Explanatory Parentheticals and Related Authority |
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310 | (1) |
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Formatting Explanatory Parentheticals |
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311 | (1) |
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Related Authority and Commentary |
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311 | (2) |
Part 6 Quotations |
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313 | (148) |
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315 | (8) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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Quotations within Quotations |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (4) |
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Altering the Case of a Letter |
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323 | (1) |
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Adding, Changing, or Deleting One or More Letters |
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323 | (1) |
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Substituting or Adding Words |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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Mistakes within Original Quoted Material |
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325 | (2) |
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Omissions within Quoted Material |
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327 | (134) |
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General Considerations When Omitting Material within a Quotation |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (2) |
Appendices |
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Appendix 1: Primary Sources by Jurisdiction |
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331 | (46) |
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Appendix 2: Local Court Citation Rules |
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377 | (28) |
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Appendix 3: General Abbreviations |
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405 | (8) |
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Appendix 4: Court Abbreviations |
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413 | (4) |
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Sidebar A4-1: Dissecting a Federal District Court Abbreviation |
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414 | (3) |
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Appendix 5: Abbreviations for Legal Periodicals |
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417 | (24) |
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Appendix 6: Legal Memorandum Example |
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441 | (4) |
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Appendix 7: Federal Taxation Materials |
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445 | (16) |
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Sidebar A7-1: Versions of the Internal Revenue Code |
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446 | (2) |
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Sidebar A7-2: Case Names in Older Tax Authorities |
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448 | (3) |
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Sidebar A7-3: Categories of Tax Regulations |
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451 | (4) |
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Sidebar A7-4: Document Numbers Before and After 2000 |
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455 | (5) |
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Chart A7-1: Abreviations for Less Frequently Cited Tax Materials |
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460 | (1) |
Index |
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461 | |