Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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xv | |
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Isaac Newton and the Newtonian Revolution |
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3 | (5) |
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Albert Einstein and Twentieth-Century Science |
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8 | (7) |
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15 | (6) |
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Charles Darwin and Evolution |
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21 | (6) |
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Louis Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease |
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27 | (6) |
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Sigmund Freud and Psychology of the Unconscious |
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33 | (7) |
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Galileo Galilei and the New Science |
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40 | (5) |
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Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and the Revolution in Chemistry |
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45 | (5) |
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Johannes Kepler and Motion of the Planets |
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50 | (5) |
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Nicolaus Copernicus and the Heliocentric Universe |
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55 | (4) |
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Michael Faraday and the Classical Field Theory |
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59 | (5) |
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James Clerk Maxwell and the Electromagnetic Field |
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64 | (4) |
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Claude Bernard and the Founding of Modern Physiology |
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68 | (4) |
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Franz Boas and Modern Anthropology |
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72 | (5) |
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Werner Heisenberg and Quantum Theory |
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77 | (5) |
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Linus Pauling and Twentieth-Century Chemistry |
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82 | (6) |
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Rudolf Virchow and the Cell Doctrine |
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88 | (5) |
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Erwin Schrodinger and Wave Mechanics |
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93 | (6) |
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Ernest Rutherford and the Structure of the Atom |
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99 | (5) |
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Paul Dirac and Quantum Electrodynamics |
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104 | (5) |
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Andreas Vesalius and the New Anatomy |
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109 | (5) |
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Tycho Brahe and the New Astronomy |
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114 | (4) |
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Comte de Buffon and l'Histoire Naturelle |
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118 | (4) |
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Ludwig Boltzmann and Thermodynamics |
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122 | (4) |
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Max Planck and the Quanta |
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126 | (4) |
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Marie Curie and Radioactivity |
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130 | (5) |
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William Herschel and the Discovery of the Heavens |
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135 | (4) |
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Charles Lyell and Modern Geology |
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139 | (4) |
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Pierre Simon de Laplace and Newtonian Mechanics |
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143 | (4) |
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Edwin Hubble and the Modern Telescope |
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147 | (5) |
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Joseph J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron |
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152 | (4) |
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Max Born and Quantum Mechanics |
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156 | (5) |
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Francis Crick and Molecular Biology |
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161 | (5) |
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Enrico Fermi and Atomic Physics |
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166 | (5) |
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Leonard Euler and Eighteenth-Century Mathematics |
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171 | (3) |
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Justus Liebig and Nineteenth-Century Chemistry |
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174 | (4) |
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Arthur Eddington and Modern Astronomy |
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178 | (5) |
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William Harvey and Circulation of the Blood |
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183 | (4) |
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Marcello Malpighi and Microscopic Anatomy |
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187 | (3) |
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Christiaan Huygens and the Wave Theory of Light |
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190 | (4) |
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Carl Gauss and Mathematical Genius |
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194 | (5) |
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Albrecht von Haller and Eighteenth-Century Medicine |
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199 | (5) |
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August Kekule and Chemical Structure |
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204 | (5) |
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Robert Koch and Bacteriology |
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209 | (5) |
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Murray Gell-Mann and the Eightfold Way |
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214 | (4) |
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Emil Fischer and Organic Chemistry |
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218 | (4) |
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Dmitri Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Elements |
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222 | (4) |
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Sheldon Glashow and the Discovery of Charm |
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226 | (5) |
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James Watson and the Structure of DNA |
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231 | (5) |
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John Bardeen and Superconductivity |
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236 | (4) |
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John von Neumann and the Modern Computer |
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240 | (6) |
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Richard Feynman and Quantum Electrodynamics |
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246 | (6) |
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Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift |
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252 | (4) |
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Stephen Hawking and Quantum Cosmology |
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256 | (5) |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek and the Simple Microscope |
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261 | (4) |
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Max von Laue and X-ray Crystallography |
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265 | (4) |
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Gustav Kirchhoff and Spectroscopy |
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269 | (5) |
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Hans Bethe and the Energy of the Sun |
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274 | (5) |
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Euclid and the Foundations of Mathematics |
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279 | (3) |
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Gregor Mendel and the Laws of Inheritance |
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282 | (4) |
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Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Superconductivity |
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286 | (4) |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan and the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity |
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290 | (4) |
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Hermann von Helmholtz and the Rise of German Science |
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294 | (5) |
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Paul Ehrlich and Chemotherapy |
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299 | (4) |
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Ernst Mayr and Evolutionary Theory |
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303 | (5) |
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Charles Sherrington and Neurophysiology |
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308 | (4) |
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Theodosius Dobzhansky and the Modern Synthesis |
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312 | (6) |
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Max Delbruck and the Bacteriophage |
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318 | (5) |
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck and the Foundations of Biology |
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323 | (3) |
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William Bayliss and Modern Physiology |
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326 | (4) |
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Noam Chomsky and Twentieth-Century Linguistics |
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330 | (6) |
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Frederick Sanger and the Genetic Code |
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336 | (5) |
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Lucretius and Scientific Thinking |
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341 | (4) |
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John Dalton and the Theory of the Atom |
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345 | (4) |
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Louis Victor de Broglie and Wave/Particle Duality |
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349 | (4) |
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Carl Linnaeus and the Binomial Nomenclature |
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353 | (4) |
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Jean Piaget and Child Development |
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357 | (5) |
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George Gaylord Simpson and the Tempo of Evolution |
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362 | (5) |
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Claude Levi-Strauss and Structural Anthropology |
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367 | (5) |
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Lynn Margulis and Symbiosis Theory |
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372 | (5) |
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Karl Landsteiner and the Blood Groups |
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377 | (4) |
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Konrad Lorenz and Ethology |
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381 | (5) |
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Edward O. Wilson and Sociobiology |
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386 | (6) |
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Frederick Gowland Hopkins and Vitamins |
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392 | (4) |
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Gertrude Belle Elion and Pharmacology |
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396 | (5) |
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Hans Selye and the Stress Concept |
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401 | (5) |
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J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Era |
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406 | (5) |
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Edward Teller and the Bomb |
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411 | (6) |
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Willard Libby and Radioactive Dating |
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417 | (4) |
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Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Principle |
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421 | (4) |
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Jonas Salk and Vaccination |
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425 | (5) |
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Emil Kraepelin and Twentieth-Century Psychiatry |
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430 | (4) |
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Trofim Lysenko and Soviet Genetics |
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434 | (5) |
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Francis Galton and Eugenics |
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439 | (5) |
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Alfred Binet and the I.Q. Test |
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444 | (5) |
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Alfred Kinsey and Human Sexuality |
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449 | (5) |
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Alexander Fleming and Penicillin |
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454 | (4) |
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B. F. Skinner and Behaviorism |
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458 | (5) |
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Wilhelm Wundt and the Founding of Psychology |
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463 | (4) |
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Archimedes and the Beginning of Science |
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467 | (4) |
Appendix: Inexcusable Omissions, Honorable Mentions, and Also-Rans |
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471 | (3) |
Picture Acknowledgments |
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474 | (1) |
Source Notes |
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475 | (12) |
Bibliography |
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487 | (9) |
Index |
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496 | |