Preface |
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ix | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xi | |
Preface to the Second Edition |
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xiii | |
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PART A. FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY |
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1 | (106) |
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3 | (42) |
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Cytoplasmic Membrane (Plasma Membrane) |
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DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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Recombinant DNA Technology: Construction of a Genetically Engineered Microorganism (GEM) |
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Review of Selected Molecular Techniques |
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Brief Survey of Microbial Groups |
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Microbial Metabolism and Growth |
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45 | (30) |
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Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics |
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Effect of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity |
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Metabolic Classification of Microorganisms |
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Microbial Growth Kinetics |
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Continuous Culture of Microorganisms |
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Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Microbial Growth |
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Measurement of Microbial Biomass |
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Role of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles |
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75 | (32) |
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Microbiology of the Nitrogen Cycle |
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Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Adverse Effects of Nitrogen Discharges from Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Microbiology of the Phosphorus Cycle |
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Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Biological Phosphorus Removal |
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Microbiology of the Sulfur Cycle |
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Environmental and Technological Problems Associated with Sulfur Oxidation or Reduction |
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PART B. PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY |
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107 | (104) |
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Pathogens and Parasites in Domestic Wastewater |
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109 | (44) |
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Pathogens and Parasites Found in Domestic Wastewater |
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Other Problem-Causing Microorganisms |
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Microbial Indicators of Fecal Contamination |
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153 | (20) |
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Review of Indicator Microorganisms |
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Yeasts and Acid-Fast Organisms |
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Heterotrophic Plate Count |
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Chemical Indicators of Water Quality |
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Detection Methodology for Some Indicator Microorganisms |
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Standard Methods for the Detection of Total and Fecal Coliforms |
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Rapid Methods for Coliform Detection |
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Fecal Streptococci/Enterococci |
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Heterotrophic Plate Count |
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Water and Wastewater Disinfection |
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173 | (38) |
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Factors Influencing Disinfection |
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Type of Disinfectant/Biocide |
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Disinfectant Concentration and Contact Time |
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Chemical and Physical Interference with Disinfection |
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Protective Effect of Macroinvertebrates |
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Inactivation of Microorganisms by Chlorine |
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Potentiation of the Cidal Effect of Free Chlorine |
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Mechanism of Action of Chlorine |
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Toxicology of Chlorine and Chlorine Byproducts |
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Chemistry of Chlorine Dioxide Byproducts |
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Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Microorganisms |
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Mode of Action of Chlorine Dioxide |
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Toxicology of Chlorine Dioxide |
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Effect of Ozone on Indicator and Pathogenic Microorganisms |
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Mechanisms of Ozone Action |
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Toxicology of Ozonation Byproducts |
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Inactivation of Pathogens and Parasites by UV Radiation |
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Variables Affecting UV Action |
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Ultraviolet Disinfection of Water and Wastewater |
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Some Advantages and Disadvantages of UV Disinfection |
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Other Technologies Based on Photoinactivation |
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Wastewater Irradiation and Other Emerging Disinfection Technologies |
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PART C. MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT |
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211 | (184) |
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Introduction to Wastewater Treatment |
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213 | (12) |
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Composition of Domestic Wastewater |
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand |
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Overview of Wastewater Treatment |
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225 | (34) |
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Description of the Activated Sludge Process |
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Conventional Activated Sludge System |
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Some Modifications of the Conventional Activated Sludge Process |
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Biology of Activated Sludge |
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Survey of Organisms Present in Activated Sludge Flocs |
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Organic Matter Oxidation in the Aeration Tank |
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Nutrient Removal by the Activated Sludge Process |
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Pathogen and Parasite Removal by Activated Sludge |
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Bulking and Foaming in Activated Sludge Plants |
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259 | (32) |
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Measurement of Sludge Settleability |
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Relationship Between Filamentous and Floc-Forming Bacteria |
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Types of Filamentous Microorganisms |
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Techniques for the Isolation and Identification of Filamentous Microorganisms |
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Some Factors Causing Filamentous Bulking |
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Substrate Concentration (F/M Ratio) |
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Sludge Loading and Sludge Age |
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Use of Filamentous Microorganism Identification as a Tool to Diagnose the Cause(S) of Bulking |
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Control of Sludge Bulking |
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Treatment with Flocculants and Coagulants |
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Manipulation of Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Flow Rates |
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Foaming in Activated Sludge |
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Mechanisms of Foam Production |
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Processes Based on Attached Microbial Growth |
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291 | (16) |
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Trickling Filters: Process Description |
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Biology of Trickling Filters |
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Organisms Present in Trickling Filter Biofilms |
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Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Trickling Filters |
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Removal of Pathogens and Parasites by Trickling Filters |
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Rotating Biological Contactors |
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Waste Stabilization Ponds |
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307 | (14) |
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Biology of Facultative Ponds |
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Effect of Temperature on Pond Operation |
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Removal of Suspended Solids, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus by Ponds |
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Pathogen Removal by Oxidation Ponds |
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Factors Controlling Removal of Bacterial Pathogens |
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Bacterial Die-Off Kinetics |
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Virus Removal and/or Inactivation in Oxidation Ponds |
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Protozoa Cysts and Helminth Eggs |
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321 | (24) |
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Pathogen and Parasite Removal During Sludge Treatment |
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Pathogens and Parasites Found in Sludge |
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Epidemiological Significance of Pathogens in Sludge |
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Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater and Biosolids |
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345 | (26) |
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Group 1: Hydrolytic Bacteria |
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Group 2: Fermentative Acidogenic Bacteria |
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Group 3: Acetogenic Bacteria |
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Methods for Detection of Methanogens |
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Factors Controlling Anaerobic Digestion |
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Chemical Composition of Wastewater |
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Competition of Methanogens with Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria |
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Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater |
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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket |
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Anaerobic Attached-Film Expanded-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Reactors |
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Anaerobic Rotating Biological Contactor |
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Biological Aerosols and Bloodors from Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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371 | (24) |
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Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System Against Airborne Particles |
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Sampling of Biological Aerosols |
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Reuter Centrifugal Air Sampler |
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Liquid Impingement Device (All-Glass Impinger) |
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May Three-Stage Glass Impinger |
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Large-Volume Electrostatic Precipitators |
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Factors Controlling the Survival of Biological Aerosols |
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Predictive Models for Estimating Downwind Levels of Airborne Microorganisms |
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Production of Biological Aerosols by Wastewater Treatment Operations |
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Health Hazards of Biological Aerosols Generated by Waste Treatment Operations |
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Spray Irrigation with Wastewater Effluents and Liquid Sludge |
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Health Risks Associated with Composting of Wastewater Sludge |
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Health Hazards to Wastewater Treatment Plant Workers |
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PART D. MICROBIOLOGY OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT |
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395 | (76) |
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Microbiological Aspects of Drinking Water Treatment |
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397 | (22) |
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Microbiological Quality of Source Water |
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Overview of Processes Involved in Drinking Water Treatment Plants |
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Process Microbiology and Fate of Pathogens and Parasites in Water Treatment Plants |
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Pretreatment of Source Water |
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Coagulation--Flocculation--Sedimentation |
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Biological Treatment of Water |
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Microbiological Aspects of Drinking Water Distribution |
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419 | (38) |
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Biofilm Development in Distribution Systems |
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Transport of Microorganisms to Conditioned Surfaces |
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Adhesion of Microorganisms to Surfaces |
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Cell Anchoring to Surfaces |
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Cell Growth and Biofilm Accumulation |
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Biofilm Detachment from Surfaces |
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Methodology for Biofilm Study |
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Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofilms in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution |
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Growth of Pathogens and Other Microorganisms in Water Distribution Systems |
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Public Health Implications of Pathogen Growth in Water Distribution Systems |
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Legionella Growth in Water Distribution Systems |
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Growth of Nitrifiers in Water Distribution Systems |
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Determination of Assimilable Organic Carbon in Drinking Water |
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Other Biological Problems Associated with Water Treatment and Distribution |
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Iron and Manganese Bacteria |
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Drinking Water Quality at the Consumer's Tap |
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Effect of Service Lines on Drinking Water Quality |
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Point-of-Use (POU) Home Devices for Drinking Water Treatment |
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Sources and Categories of Bottled Water |
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Microorganisms Found in Source-Water |
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Water Treatment Before Bottling |
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Microorganisms Found in Bottled Water |
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Regulations Concerning Bottled Water |
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Bioterrorism and Drinking Water Safety |
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457 | (14) |
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Early History of Biological Warfare |
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Bioterrorism Microbial Agents and Biotoxins |
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Some Important Features of BT Agents |
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Deliberate Contamination of Water Supplies |
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Early Warning Systems for Assessing the Contamination of Source Waters |
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Protection of Drinking Water Supplies |
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PART E. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT |
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471 | (28) |
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Pollution Control Biotechnology |
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473 | (26) |
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Use of Commercial Blends of Microorganisms and Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment |
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Use of Microorganisms in Pollution Control |
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Production of Microbial Seeds |
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Use of Bioaugmentation in Waste Treatment |
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Use of Enzymes in Waste Treatment |
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Use of Immobilized Cells in Waste Treatment |
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Immobilization Techniques |
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Examples of the Use of Immobilized Cells in Waste Treatment |
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Use of Immobilized Cells and Enzymes in Biosensor Technology |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Immobilized Cells |
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Role of Microorganisms in Metal Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Metal Removal by Wastewater Microorganisms |
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Mechanisms of Metal Removal by Microorganisms |
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Potential Applications of Molecular Techniques in Waste Treatment |
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Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment |
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PART F. FATE AND TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS |
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499 | (46) |
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Fate of Xenobiotics and Toxic Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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501 | (26) |
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Biodegradation in Aquatic Environments |
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Recalcitrance of Organic Compounds |
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Dehalogenation of Organic Compounds |
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Genetic Regulation of Xenobiotic Biodegradation |
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Fate of Xenobiotics in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Physico-Chemical Processes |
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Microbial Processes: Biodegradation |
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Removal of Toxic Organic Pollutants by Aerobic Biological Processes |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) |
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Aromatic and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) |
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Removal of Toxic Organic Pollutants by Anaerobic and Anoxic Biological Processes |
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Biodegradation in Biofilms |
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Metabolic Activity and Metal Biotransformations |
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Biotransformations of Specific Metals and Metalloids |
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Mobile Wastewater Processing Systems for Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes |
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Aerobic Treatment Processes |
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Anaerobic Digestion Processes |
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Toxicity Testing in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Microorganisms |
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527 | (18) |
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Impact of Toxicants on Wastewater Treatment |
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Toxicity Assays Using Enzymes and Microorganisms |
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Commercial Rapid Microbial Assays for Toxicity Testing in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Applications of Microbial and Enzymatic Tests in Toxicity Assessment in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) |
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Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) |
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Water Effect Ratio (WER) and Heavy Metal Binding Capacity (HMBC) |
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Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe (PEEP) |
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PART G. MICROBIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS AND BIOSOLIDS DISPOSAL AND REUSE |
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545 | (64) |
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Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Disposal on Land |
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547 | (26) |
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Land Treatment Systems for Wastewater Effluents and Biosolids (Sludges) |
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Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Application to Land |
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Pathogenic Microorganisms and Parasites |
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Transport of Pathogens Through Soils |
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Bacterial Transport Through Soils |
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Virus Transport Through Soils |
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Persistence of Pathogens in Soils |
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Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens |
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Persistence of Viruses in Soil |
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Transport of Pathogens in Aquifers |
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Persistence of Pathogens in Aquifers |
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Disposal of Septic Tank Effluents on Land |
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Biodegradation in Soils and Aquifers: an Introduction to Bioremediation |
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Treatment Strategies for Aquifers |
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Factors Affecting Bioremediation of Soils and Aquifers |
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Molecular Techniques for Assessing Microbial Community Structure and Activity in Bioremediation |
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Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Disposal in the Marine Environment |
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573 | (16) |
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Global Surveys of Enteric Pathogens in Contaminated Seawater |
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Survival of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms in Seawater |
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Adsorption to Particulates |
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Survival of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms in Sediments |
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Public Health Aspects of Swimming in Contaminated Recreational Waters |
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Exposure to Water Containing Pathogenic Microorganisms of Fecal or Domestic Wastewater Origin |
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Exposure to Autochthonous (Indigenous) Microorganisms |
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589 | (20) |
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Health Effects Due to Parasites as well as Bacterial and Viral Pathogens |
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Categories of Wastewater Reuse |
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Agricultural Reuse: Land Application |
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Direct Potable Reuse of Reclaimed Wastewater as a Domestic Water Supply |
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Wetlands for Wastewater Renovation |
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Aquaculture for Wastewater Renovation |
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Use of Attached Algae for Polishing of Wastewater Effluents |
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The U.S. Experience in Wastewater Reuse |
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References |
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609 | (120) |
Index |
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729 | |