What is time? What does it mean for time to pass? Is it possible to travel in time? What is the difference between the past and future? Until the work of Newton, these questions were purely topics of philosophical speculation. Since then we've learned a great deal about time, and its study has moved from a subject of philosophical reflection to instead became part of the subject matter of physics.

This Very Short Introduction introduces readers to the current physical understanding of the direction of time, from the Second Law of Thermodynamics to the emergence of complexity and life. Jenann Ismael charts the line of development in physical theory from Newton, via Einstein's Theory of Relativity, to the current day. Einstein's innovations led to a vision of time very different from the familiar time of everyday sense. In this new vision, time is one of the dimensions in which the universe is extended alongside the spatial dimensions. The universe appears as a static block of events, in which there is no more a difference between past and future than there is between east and west. Discussing the controversy and philosophical confusion which surrounded the reception of this new vision, Ismael also covers the contemporary mixture of statistical mechanics, cognitive science, and phenomenology that point the way to reconciling the familiar time of everyday sense with the vision of time presented in Einstein's theories.

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Jenann Ismael, Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University

Jenann Ismael is a Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University, Affiliate of the Zuckerman Institute, and member of FQXi. She taught at Stanford University and the University of Arizona before coming to Columbia. Ismael has held fellowships at the National Humanities Center, and the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, and a Queen Elizabeth II fellowship at the Centre for Time in Sydney. Her work has been supported by the Templeton Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, NEH, and the Foundational Questions Institute. She is the author of Essays on Symmetry (2001); The Situated Self (2007); and How Physics Makes Us Free (2016).

Introduction1. History up through Newton2. From space and time to space-time: the era of Einstein3. Philosophical implications of the relativistic conception of time4. The direction of time5. The time of human experience6. The big picture and new horizonsFurther ReadingIndex