Speech and Hearing Science Anatomy and Physiology,9780138274375

Speech and Hearing Science Anatomy and Physiology

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Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780138274375
ISBN10: 0138274371
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1997-07-21
Publisher(s): Pearson
List Price: $265.98

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Summary

This comprehensive and highly-popular book is dedicated to the rehabilitation and habilation of the speech and hearing impaired. A solid foundation of anatomy and physiology are not the only things this book provides! also included are more advanced topics such as respiration, phonation, articulation, neurology, and hearing. This exceptional read is perfect for new speech-language pathologists, audiologists, deaf interpreters, physicians, ear, nose, and throat specialists, and others interested in speech and hearing disorders.

Table of Contents

Foreword xiii
Preface xiv
Introduction and Orientation
1(32)
Introduction
2(2)
Definition of Anatomy
2(1)
Anatomic Variability
3(1)
Definition of Physiology
3(1)
Anatomical Nomenclature
4(3)
The Anatomical Position
4(1)
General Anatomical Terms
5(1)
Planes of Reference
6(1)
Cells
7(1)
Elementary Tissues
8(21)
Epithelial Tissues
9(1)
Epithelial Tissue Proper
9(1)
Endothelial Tissue
10(1)
Mesothelial Tissue
10(1)
Connective Tissue
10(1)
Loose Connective Tissue
10(1)
Dense Connective Tissue
11(1)
Special Connective Tissue
12(6)
Muscle Tissue
18(1)
Striated Muscle
18(1)
Smooth Muscle
19(1)
Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium)
20(1)
Muscle Contraction
20(4)
Muscle Architecture
24(1)
Muscle Attachments
25(1)
Muscle Action
25(2)
Nomenclature of Muscles
27(1)
Nervous Tissue
27(1)
The Motor Unit
28(1)
Innervation Ratio
28(1)
Vascular Tissue
29(1)
Organs
29(1)
Systems
29(1)
Speech Production
30(2)
The Need for an Integrative Approach
30(1)
Sound Production
31(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
32(1)
Breathing
33(67)
Introduction
34(1)
Definition of Breathing
34(1)
The Physics of Breathing
34(1)
The Respiratory Passage
35(8)
The Trachea
36(1)
The Bronchi
37(1)
The Bronchioles
38(1)
The Alveoli
38(1)
The Lungs (Pulmones)
38(1)
Properties of the Alveoli
39(1)
Description of the Lungs
39(2)
The Pleurae
41(2)
The Effects of Growth on Stretching Forces
43(1)
The Framework for the Breathing Mechanism
43(12)
The Spinal Column
44(1)
Anatomy of the Vertebrae
44(1)
Articulations in the Vertebral Column
45(1)
Types of Vertebrae
45(3)
Development of Spinal Curves
48(1)
The Sternum
49(1)
The Ribs
50(1)
The Rib Cage
50(1)
The Anatomy of a Rib
51(1)
Costal Articulations
52(1)
Movement of the Ribs in Breathing
52(1)
The Pelvic Girdle
52(2)
The Pectoral Girdle
54(1)
The Musculature of the Breathing Mechanism
55(21)
Introduction
55(1)
The Muscles of the Thorax
55(1)
The Diaphragm
55(3)
The Intercostal Muscles
58(1)
Transversus Thoracis (Triangularis Sterni)
59(1)
The Costal Elevators (Levatores Costarum Levator Costalis)
60(1)
Serratus Posterior Muscles
60(1)
Action of the Muscles of the Thorax
60(1)
Action of the Diaphragm
61(1)
Action of the Intercostal Muscles
62(2)
Possible Contributions of Other Thoracic Muscles
64(1)
Muscles of the Neck and Their Action
65(1)
Sternocleidomastoid (Sternomastoid)
65(1)
Scalene (lateral vertebral) Muscles
65(1)
Musculature of the Torso
66(1)
Muscles of the Upper Limb and Back
67(1)
Deep Muscles of the Back
68(1)
Muscles of the Chest Wall and Shoulder
68(2)
Abdominal Musculature and Its Role
70(1)
Introduction
70(1)
Anterolateral Abdominal Muscles
71(4)
Posterior Abdominal Muscles
75(1)
The Mechanics of Breathing
76(20)
Introduction
76(1)
Measurement of Pulmonary Subdivisions
76(2)
Lung Volumes
78(1)
Tidal Volume (TV)
78(1)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
78(1)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
78(1)
Residual Volume (RV)
79(1)
Lung Capacities
79(1)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
79(1)
Vital Capacity (VC)
79(1)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
79(1)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
79(1)
Significance of Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
79(1)
Effects of Body Position
79(1)
The Role of Residual Volume
80(1)
Factors Affecting Vital Capacity
80(2)
Air Exchange Rates
82(1)
A Functional Unit Concept
82(2)
Pressure Relationships in the Chest Cavity
84(1)
Regulation of Alveolar Pressure
85(1)
Forced Exhalation
85(1)
Relaxation Pressure
85(1)
Pressure-Volume Diagrams
86(2)
The Effects of Air Flow Resistance
88(1)
Airway Resistance
88(1)
Electrical Analog
89(1)
Pressure and Air-Flow Regulation During Speech
90(1)
Measurement of Subglottal (Alveolar) Pressure
90(1)
Maintenance of a Constant Subglottal Pressure Level
90(1)
Checking Action
91(1)
Lung Volumes Required for Speech
92(1)
Chest Wall Preparation for Speech
93(1)
Variations in Breathing Patterns
94(1)
A Descriptive Account of a Cycle of Breathing
95(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
96(4)
Phonation
100(97)
Introduction
101(1)
Biological Functions of the Larynx
101(1)
Nonbiological Functions of the Larynx
101(1)
The Mechanics of the Sound Generator
102(1)
The Supportive Framework of the Larynx
102(2)
The Hyoid Bone
102(1)
The Hyoid Musculature
102(1)
Anatomy of the Hyoid Bone
103(1)
A Note on Variability
103(1)
The Cartilaginous Framework of the Larynx
104(10)
The Thyroid Cartilage
104(1)
The Cricoid Cartilage
105(1)
The Arytenoid Cartilages
106(1)
The Corniculate Cartilages
106(1)
The Epiglottis
107(1)
Anatomy
107(2)
Function
109(1)
The Cuneiform Cartilages
110(1)
The Laryngeal Joint
110(1)
The Cricoarytenoid Joint
110(2)
The Cricothyroid Joint
112(2)
Membranes and Ligaments of the Larynx
114(3)
Extrinsic Laryngeal Membranes
114(1)
The Hyothyroid Membrane and Ligaments
114(1)
The Hyoepiglottic Ligament
114(1)
The Cricotracheal Membrane
114(1)
Intrinsic Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments
115(1)
The Conus Elasticus (Cricovocal Membrane)
115(1)
The Quadrangular Membranes
116(1)
Mucous Membrane of the Larynx
116(1)
The Interior of the Larynx
117(4)
The Cavity of the Larynx
117(1)
The Supraglottal Region
117(1)
The Ventricle of the Larynx (Laryngeal Sinus)
117(1)
The Ventricular Folds
117(1)
The Subglottal Region
118(1)
The Vocal Folds (Plicae Vocales)
118(1)
The Glottis (Rima Glottidis, Rima Glottis, Glottal Chink)
119(2)
The Muscles of the Larynx
121(4)
The Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
121(1)
The Sternothyroid Muscle
122(1)
The Thyrohyoid Muscle
122(1)
The Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
122(1)
The Suprahyoid Muscles (Laryngeal Elevators)
123(1)
The Digastric Muscle
123(1)
The Stylohyoid Muscle
123(1)
The Mylohyoid Muscle
124(1)
The Geniohyoid Muscle
124(1)
The Hyoglossus Muscle
124(1)
The Genioglossus Muscle
124(1)
The Infrahyoid Muscles (Laryngeal Depressors)
125(12)
The Sternohyoid Muscle
125(1)
The Omohyoid Muscle
125(1)
The Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
126(1)
Introduction
126(2)
The Thyroarytenoid Muscle (Adductor, Tensor, or Relaxer)
128(3)
The Superior Thyroarytenoid Muscle (Relaxer)
131(1)
The Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle (Abductor)
132(1)
The Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle (Adductor, Relaxer)
133(1)
The Arytenoid (Interarytenoid) Muscles (Adductors)
133(2)
The Cricothyroid Muscle (Tensor)
135(1)
The Thyroid Gland
136(1)
Methods of Investigation of Laryngeal Physiology
137(7)
The Development of Laryngoscopy
138(1)
Contemporary Methods of Investigation
139(1)
Endoscopy
139(1)
High-Speed Cinematography
140(1)
Glottography (Electroglottography)
140(1)
Transillumination-Photoconduction
141(1)
Radiography
141(2)
Supplementary Diagnostic and Research Techniques
143(1)
Electromyography
143(1)
Air-Flow and Subglottal Pressure Measures
143(1)
Laryngeal Physiology and the Mechanics of Phonation
144(42)
Introduction
144(1)
The Onset of Phonation
145(1)
The Prephonation Phase
145(1)
The Attack Phase
146(4)
Characteristics of a Vibratory Cycle
150(1)
Glottal Area
150(1)
Open and Speed Quotients
150(1)
The Mode of Vocal Fold Vibration
150(2)
The Pitch-Changing Mechanism
152(1)
Introduction
152(1)
The Pitch-Raising Mechanism
153(6)
The Pitch-Lowering Mechanism
159(1)
The Extrinsic Muscles and the Pitch-Changing Mechanism
159(1)
The Intensity-Changing Mechanism
160(1)
Vocal Fold Movement and Intensity Changes
160(1)
Subglottal Pressure and Vocal Intensity
160(2)
Glottal Resistance, Air Flow, and Vocal Intensity
162(1)
Musculature Responsible for Changes in Vocal Intensity
163(1)
The Relationship of Pitch and Intensity
163(1)
Transglottal Pressure Differential
164(1)
Influence of Articulation on Transglottal Pressure Differentials
164(1)
Significance of Transglottal Pressure Differential
165(1)
Checking Action and Air-Flow Resistance
165(1)
Voice Registers
165(1)
Voice Register and Mode of Vocal Fold Vibration
166(1)
Voice Register Criteria
166(1)
The Limits of the Pitch Range
167(1)
Falsetto
167(1)
Laryngeal Whistle
168(1)
Glottal Fry (Pulse Register)
169(1)
Vibrato
169(2)
Voice Quality (The Semantic Merry-Go-Round)
171(1)
Specifiable Parameters of Voice Production
172(1)
Maximum Frequency (Pitch) Range
172(1)
Mean Rate of Vocal Fold Vibration (Habitual Pitch)
172(1)
Air Cost (Maximum Phonation Time)
172(1)
Minimum-Maximum Intensity at Various Pitches
172(1)
Periodicity of Vocal Fold Vibration (Jitter)
172(1)
Noise
173(2)
Resonance
175(1)
Whisper
176(1)
Age and Sex Differences in the Larynx
177(1)
The Infant Larynx
177(1)
The Descent of the Larynx
178(1)
The Young Larynx
178(1)
The Vocal Folds
179(1)
The Thyroid Angle
179(1)
The Aging Larynx
180(2)
Theories of Voice Production
182(1)
Models of the Larynx and Vocal Tract
183(1)
Introduction
183(1)
A Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model
184(1)
A Two-Degree-of-Freedom Model
184(1)
The Sixteen-Mass Model
185(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
186(11)
Articulation
197(121)
Introduction
198(1)
The Skull
198(28)
An Overview
198(5)
Bones of the Facial Skeleton
203(1)
The Mandible
203(4)
The Maxillae
207(2)
The Nasal Bones
209(1)
The Palatine Bones
209(1)
The Lacrimal Bones
210(2)
The Zygomatic (Malar) Bones
212(1)
The Inferior Nasal Conchae (Inferior Turbinated Bones)
212(1)
The Vomer Bone
213(1)
Bones of the Cranium
213(1)
The Ethmoid Bone
213(2)
The Frontal Bone
215(1)
The Parietal Bone
216(1)
The Occipital Bone
216(2)
The Temporal Bones
218(2)
The Sphenoid Bone
220(3)
The Sinuses
223(1)
Introduction
223(1)
The Frontal Sinuses
224(1)
The Maxillary Sinuses
224(1)
The Ethmoid Sinuses
224(1)
The Sphenoid Sinuses
224(1)
Functions of the Sinuses
224(1)
The Mastoid Air Cells
224(2)
The Cavities of the Vocal Tract
226(5)
Introduction
226(1)
The Buccal Cavity
226(1)
The Oral Cavity
226(1)
The Oropharyngeal Isthmus
226(1)
The Pharyngeal Cavity
226(1)
The Nasopharynx
226(1)
The Oropharynx
227(1)
The Laryngopharynx
227(1)
The Nose and Nasal Cavities
228(1)
Cartilages of the Nose
228(1)
Muscles of the Nose
229(1)
The Nasal Cavities
229(1)
Functions of the Nose
230(1)
The Articulators and Associated Structures
231(60)
Functions of the Mouth
231(1)
Biological Functions
231(1)
Nonbiological Functions
231(1)
The Pyramid of Polyfunction
232(1)
The Lips (Rima Oris)
232(1)
Anatomy
232(1)
Function
232(1)
The Cheeks (Buccae)
233(1)
Glands
233(1)
Buccal Fat Pad (Pad of Bichat)
233(1)
Muscles of the Face and Mouth
233(1)
The Orbicularis Oris Muscle
233(2)
The Transverse Facial Muscles
235(1)
The Angular Facial Muscles
236(1)
The Vertical Facial Muscles
237(1)
The Parallel Facial Muscles
237(1)
The Platysma---A Superficial Cervical Muscle
238(1)
Supplementary Muscles of Expression
238(1)
The Teeth
239(1)
Introduction
239(1)
The Structure of a Tooth
239(1)
The Periodontal Ligament (or Membrane)
240(1)
Dental Morphology
240(1)
The Life Cycle of a Tooth
241(3)
The Deciduous (Primary) Dental Arch
244(1)
The Mixed Dentition
244(1)
The Permanent Dental Arch
245(2)
Anomalies Associated with Tooth Development
247(1)
Spatial Relationships of the Teeth
248(1)
Occlusion
248(3)
The Tongue
251(1)
Introduction
251(1)
Description
251(1)
Surface Anatomy
252(1)
Superficial Anatomy
252(1)
Deep Structures
253(1)
The Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
253(1)
The Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
254(2)
Anomalies of the Tongue
256(1)
The Tongue as an Articulator
257(2)
The Mandible
259(1)
Introduction
259(1)
The Temporomandibular Joint
259(1)
The Mandibular Depressors (Inframandibular Muscles)
260(1)
The Mandibular Elevators
261(1)
Mandibular Movement
262(1)
Anomalies of the Temporomandibular Joint
263(1)
The Palate
264(1)
The Hard Palate
264(1)
The Palatal Vault (Arch)
265(1)
The Soft Palate (Velum)
265(5)
The Tonsils
270(1)
Lingual Tonsil
271(1)
Adenoids (Pharyngeal Tonsil)
271(1)
Palatine Tonsils
272(1)
Relevance to Speech
272(1)
The Pharynx
273(1)
The Nasopharynx
274(1)
The Oropharynx
274(1)
The Laryngopharynx
274(1)
Muscles of the Pharynx
274(4)
The Relationship of the Pharynx to the Vertebral Column
278(1)
The Velopharyngeal Mechanism
278(1)
Role in Speech Production
278(1)
Cinefluorographic Studies
279(1)
Electromyographic Studies
279(1)
Other Studies
279(1)
Passavant's Pad
279(1)
Harrington's Study
280(1)
Swallowing
280(1)
The First Stage
280(1)
The Second Stage
280(1)
The Last Stage
281(1)
Growth of the Head
281(1)
Methods of Study
281(1)
Cephalometry
281(6)
Influences on Growth of the Skull
287(1)
Growth of Bone and Cartilage
287(1)
The Infant Skull
287(2)
Growth of the Cranium
289(1)
Growth of the Facial Skeleton
289(2)
Sex Differences in the Skull
291(1)
Contributions of the Articulators
291(22)
Research Techniques
291(1)
Challenges
291(1)
Aerodynamic Measurements
292(1)
Electromyography
292(1)
Photography
292(1)
Radiography
292(1)
Palatography
292(1)
Articulation Tracking Devices
293(1)
Speech Production: A Review
293(1)
Resonance
294(1)
Natural Frequency
294(1)
Forced Vibration
294(1)
Radiation of Energy
294(1)
Resonant Frequencies of Vibrating Air Columns
294(1)
The Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production
295(1)
Characteristics of the Source
295(1)
Transfer Function of the Vocal Tract
296(1)
The Vocal Tract as a Uniform Tube
297(1)
Formant Frequencies (Resonances)
297(1)
Effects of Configurations of the Vocal Tract
298(1)
Radiation Resistance
298(2)
Vowels
300(1)
Classification
300(1)
Vowel Articulation
301(2)
Consonants
303(1)
Comparison of Vowels and Consonants
303(1)
Classification of Consonants
304(4)
Some Aspects of Contextual Speech
308(1)
Targets
308(1)
Phonetics and Phonemics
309(1)
Segmental Features
309(1)
Suprasegmental Elements
310(1)
Transitions
310(1)
Coarticulation
311(1)
The Role of Feedback in Speech Production
312(1)
Auditory Feedback
312(1)
Delayed Auditory Feedback
312(1)
Motor Feedback
312(1)
Facilitation of Compensatory Movement
313(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
313(5)
The Nervous System
318(96)
Introduction
319(1)
Tools of the Trade
319(1)
General Organization of the Nervous System
320(7)
Divisions of the Nervous System
320(1)
Neurons, Nerves, and Nerve Tracts
320(1)
The Synapse
321(1)
The Central Nervous System
321(1)
The Brain
321(2)
The Spinal Cord
323(2)
The Meninges
325(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System
325(1)
Spinal and Cranial Nerves
325(1)
Autonomic Nervous System
326(1)
Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
327(40)
The Meninges
327(1)
Dura Mater
327(1)
Arachnoid Mater
327(2)
Pia Mater
329(1)
The Brain
329(1)
The Telencephalon (Forebrain)
329(12)
The Diencephalon
341(4)
The Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
345(2)
The Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
347(9)
The Spinal Cord
356(1)
External Features
356(1)
Internal Structure
357(3)
Lesions of the Spinal Cord
360(1)
The Cerebral Cortex (Pallium)
360(1)
Cortical Mapping
361(2)
Hemispheric Dominance
363(3)
Cerebrocortical Lesions
366(1)
The Reticular Formation
366(1)
Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
367(14)
The Cranial Nerves
367(1)
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)
368(1)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic)
368(2)
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
370(1)
Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)
370(1)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
370(2)
Cranial Nerve VI (Abducent)
372(1)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
372(1)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
373(1)
Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
374(1)
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)
374(1)
Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory or Spinal Accessory)
375(1)
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
376(1)
The Spinal Nerves
376(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System
377(3)
Sympathetic or Thoracolumbar Division
380(1)
Parasympathetic or Craniosacral Division
380(1)
The Structural and Functional Aspects of Neurons
381(25)
The Structure of Neurons
381(1)
Structures of the Cytoplasm
382(1)
Derivation of Neurons
382(1)
Axons and Dendrites
382(1)
Neuroglial (Supportive) Cells
383(1)
Development of Glial Cells
383(1)
Neuroglial Cells and Nerve Processes
383(1)
Connective Tissue Coverings of Neural Tissue
384(1)
Degeneration and Regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Fibers
385(1)
Neuron Excitation and Conduction
385(1)
Charged Particles and Resting Membrane Potential
385(2)
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
387(1)
The Action Potential
387(4)
The Neural Synapse
391(1)
Neurotransmitters
392(1)
Summation
393(1)
The Neuromuscular Synapse (or Junction)
393(1)
Receptors
394(1)
Types of Receptors
394(1)
Receptor Potentials
394(1)
Form and Function
395(1)
Specialized Receptors
395(2)
Muscle and Tendon Receptors
397(3)
The Stretch Reflex
400(1)
The Reflex Arc
400(1)
Neural Pathways
401(1)
Pathway for Pain and Temperature
401(1)
Pathway for Pressure and Crude Touch
401(1)
Pathway for Proprioception, Fine Touch and Vibration
402(2)
The Pyramidal (Corticospinal, Voluntary Motor) Pathway
404(1)
The Corticospinal Tracts
404(1)
The Corticobulbar Tracts
404(1)
The Extrapyramidal Pathway
405(1)
Nervous Control of the Speech Mechanism
406(4)
Respiration
406(1)
The Respiratory Center
406(1)
Stimuli Regulating Respiration
407(1)
Plexuses
408(1)
The Tongue
408(1)
The Muscles of Mastication
409(1)
The Pharynx
409(1)
The Soft Palate
409(1)
The Larynx
410(1)
An Introduction to the Endocrine System
410(3)
The Thyroid Gland
410(1)
The Parathyroid Glands
411(1)
The Adrenal Glands
411(1)
The Pituitary Gland
412(1)
The Gonads
412(1)
The Pancreas
412(1)
The Thymus
413(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
413(1)
Hearing
414(98)
The Nature of Sound
415(20)
The Properties of Sound
415(1)
Vibration
415(1)
Measurable Characteristics of Vibratory Motion
415(1)
Simple Harmonic Vibration
416(2)
Sound Waves
418(1)
Compression and Rarefaction of Air Particles
418(1)
Phase Relationships of Sound Waves
418(1)
Types of Vibration
419(1)
Wavelength, Frequency, and Velocity
420(1)
Energy of Sound Waves
420(1)
Sounds in Air
420(1)
Spherical Radiation and Plane Waves
421(1)
Reflection
422(2)
Diffraction
424(1)
Interference
425(2)
Complex Sounds
427(4)
Resonance and Filters
431(1)
Tuned Resonators
432(1)
Passive Filters
432(1)
Amplifiers
433(1)
The Decibel
434(1)
Ratio and Interval Scales
434(1)
Logarithmic or Exponential Scales
434(1)
The Bel
434(1)
Standard Reference Intensities
435(1)
Sound Pressure Level Expressed in Decibels
435(1)
The Ear
435(42)
Introduction
435(2)
The External Ear
437(1)
The Auricle (Pinna)
437(1)
The External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)
437(1)
Acoustical Properties of the External Ear
438(1)
Resonance Effects of the Outer Ear
439(1)
The Middle Ear
440(1)
The Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
440(2)
The Tympanic (Middle Ear) Cavity
442(3)
The Auditory (Pharyngotympanic, Eustachian) Tube
445(3)
The Auditory Ossicles
448(4)
The Tympanic Muscles
452(5)
Stapes Movement as a Protective Mechanism
457(1)
The Transformer Action of the Middle Ear
458(6)
The Inner Ear
464(1)
The Bony Labyrinth
464(3)
The Membranous Labyrinth
467(4)
The Spiral Organ (of Corti)
471(6)
The Function of the Inner Ear
477(30)
Introduction
477(1)
Theories of Hearing
478(1)
Introduction
478(1)
Resonance Theory
478(1)
Nonanalytic Frequency (or Telephone) Theory
479(1)
Standing Wave Theory
480(1)
Pressure Pattern Theory
480(1)
Traveling Wave Theory
481(1)
Frequency Analytic Theory
481(1)
Bekesy's Traveling Wave Theory
481(5)
Analytic Theory
486(1)
Excitation of the Hair Cells
487(1)
Shearing Action
487(2)
Deformation of the Stereocilia
489(1)
Neurophysiology of the Cochlea
489(1)
The Membrane Theory
489(1)
Electrical Potentials
489(5)
Transduction in the Cochlea
494(5)
The Nerve Supply to the Cochlea
499(1)
The Afferent Nerve Supply
499(2)
The Efferent Nerve Supply
501(1)
The Autonomic Nerve Supply
502(1)
Summary
502(1)
The Role of the Efferent System
502(1)
The Ascending Auditory Pathway
503(1)
Bone Conduction
504(1)
Displacements of the Skull
505(1)
Inertial Lag of the Ossicular Chain
506(1)
Occlusion Effect
507(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
507(5)
Embryology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism
512(37)
Early Embryonic Development
513(7)
Mitosis
513(1)
Mitotic Cell Division
513(1)
Interphase
513(1)
Prophase
513(1)
Metaphase
513(1)
Anaphase
513(1)
Telophase
513(1)
Gametogenesis
513(1)
Meiosis
514(1)
Fertilization
514(1)
Development of the Yolk Sac
515(1)
Development of the Amniotic Cavity
515(1)
Establishment of Maternal/Fetal Communication
516(1)
The Villi
516(1)
The Body Stalk
516(1)
The Primitive Streak and Notochord
516(1)
Development of the Neural Tube
517(1)
Formation of Somites
517(1)
Sclerotome
517(1)
Myotome (Myomere)
518(1)
Dermatome
519(1)
The Flexion of the Embryo
519(1)
Development of the Structures for Speech and Hearing
520(13)
Early Development of the Facial Region and Palate
520(1)
Derivatives of the Three Primary Layers of Tissue
520(1)
Development of the Primitive Mouth
520(1)
The Branchial Arches and Their Derivatives
521(1)
Development of the Facial Region
521(1)
The Third and Fourth Week
521(2)
The Fifth Week (The Primordial Areas)
523(1)
The Sixth Week
524(1)
The Seventh Week
524(1)
Development of the Primary and Secondary Palates
524(1)
The Primary Palate
524(1)
Changes in the Mandibular Arch
525(1)
Differential Facial Growth
525(1)
The Secondary Palate
526(1)
Summary of Development of the Palate
527(1)
Development of the Tongue
528(1)
Development of the Respiratory System
529(1)
The Larynx
530(1)
The Lungs
530(1)
Development of the Outer Ear (and the Hyoid Bone)
531(1)
The Cartilages of the Branchial Arches
531(1)
The External Ear
531(1)
Development of the Teeth
532(1)
The Development Sequence
532(1)
Early Development
532(1)
The Cap Stage
532(1)
The Bell Stage
533(1)
The Tooth Germ
533(1)
Maturation of Enamel
533(1)
Formation of Dentin
533(1)
Development of the Nervous System
533(12)
Early Development
533(1)
Fusion of the Neural Folds
533(1)
Derivatives of the Neural Tube
534(1)
Primitive Medullary Epithelial Cells
534(1)
Differentiation of Primitive Medullary Cells
534(1)
Types of Differentiation
534(1)
Neurons
535(1)
Differentiation of the Neural Tube
536(1)
Differentiation of the Neural Crest
536(1)
Myelin-Forming Cells
536(1)
Zones (Layers) of the Neural Tube
537(1)
Development of the Longitudinal Sulcus and Septum
537(1)
Formation of Somatic and Visceral Columns
537(1)
Development of the Spinal Nerves
537(1)
Development of the Spinal Cord
538(1)
Bell's Law
538(1)
Neuromeres
538(1)
The Primary Brain Vesicles
538(1)
The Flexion Stage
538(1)
The Rhombencephalon
538(4)
The Mesencephalon
542(1)
The Prosencephalon
542(3)
Development of the Inner Ear
545(2)
Early Development of the Inner Ear
545(2)
The Development of the Membranous Labyrinth
547(1)
The Development of the Osseous Labyrinth
547(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
547(2)
Circulation
549(14)
Introduction
550(1)
The Circulatory System
550(1)
The Cardiovascular System
550(1)
The Lymphatic System
550(1)
Circulatory Fluids
550(1)
Blood
550(1)
Tissue Fluid and Lymph
550(1)
General Features of the Cardiovascular System
551(5)
The Pulmonary Circuit
551(1)
The Systemic Circuit
551(1)
Systemic Arteries
551(3)
Systemic Veins
554(1)
The Heart
555(1)
Blood Supply for the Speech and Hearing Mechanism
556(6)
The Larynx
556(1)
The Face
557(1)
The Tongue
557(1)
The Palatine Tonsils
557(1)
The Central Nervous System
557(1)
The Brain
557(2)
The Spinal Cord
559(1)
Cranial Venous Sinuses
559(2)
The Ear
561(1)
External Ear
561(1)
External Auditory Meatus and Tympanic Cavity and Membrane
561(1)
Otic Capsule
561(1)
Postscript
562(1)
Bibliography and Reading List
562(1)
Glossary 563(20)
Name Index 583(4)
Subject Index 587

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