Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes,9780471698678

Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes

by ;
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780471698678
ISBN10: 0471698679
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-08-25
Publisher(s): Wiley
List Price: $157.50

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Summary

This Third Edition of the acknowledged leading book on solar engineering presents the basics of solar energy and how energy is obtained from the sun. It goes on to cover the types of technologies used to harvest this solar energy, store it, and deliver it as needed. Finally it explores the various applications of these technologies and how they can be used in various market sectors.

Author Biography

John A. Duffie (deceased) was Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering and past Director of the Solar Energy Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

William A. Beckman is the Ouweneel-Bascom Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering and Director of the Solar Energy Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xvii
PART I FUNDAMENTALS
1(480)
Solar Radiation
3(40)
The Sun
3(2)
The Solar Constant
5(1)
Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation
6(1)
Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation
7(3)
Definitions
10(2)
Direction of Beam Radiation
12(8)
Angles for Tracking Surfaces
20(3)
Ratio of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface to That on Horizontal Surface
23(6)
Shading
29(8)
Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface
37(4)
Summary
41(2)
References
41(2)
Available Solar Radiation
43(96)
Definitions
43(1)
Pyrheliometers and Pyrheliometric Scales
44(4)
Pyranometers
48(5)
Measurement of Duration of Sunshine
53(1)
Solar Radiation Data
54(6)
Atmospheric Attenuation of Solar Radiation
60(4)
Estimation of Average Solar Radiation
64(4)
Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation
68(4)
Distribution of Clear and Cloudy Days and Hours
72(3)
Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation
75(2)
Beam and Diffuse Components of Daily Radiation
77(2)
Beam and Diffuse Components of Monthly Radiation
79(2)
Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Daily Data
81(4)
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces
85(5)
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky
90(1)
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Anisotropic Sky
91(6)
Radiation Augmentation
97(4)
Beam Radiation on Moving Surfaces
101(2)
Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky
103(2)
Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: KT Method
105(8)
Effects of Receiving Surface Orientation on HT
113(3)
Utilizability
116(3)
Generalized Utilizability
119(8)
Daily Utilizability
127(6)
Summary
133(6)
References
134(5)
Selected Heat Transfer Topics
139(35)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
139(1)
Photon Radiation
140(1)
The Blackbody: Perfect Absorber and Emitter
140(1)
Planck's Law and Wien's Displacement Law
141(1)
Stefan-Boltzmann Equation
142(1)
Radiation Tables
143(2)
Radiation Intensity and Flux
145(2)
Infrared Radiation Exchange between Gray Surfaces
147(1)
Sky Radiation
148(1)
Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
149(1)
Natural Convection Between Flat Parallel Plates and between Concentric Cylinders
150(5)
Convection Suppression
155(4)
Vee-Corrugated Enclosures
159(1)
Heat Transfer Relations for Internal Flow
159(5)
Wind Convection Coefficients
164(2)
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Packed Beds and Perforated Plates
166(3)
Effectiveness-NTU Calculations for Heat Exchangers
169(5)
References
171(3)
Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials
174(30)
Absorptance and Emittance
175(2)
Kirchhoff's Law
177(1)
Reflectance of Surfaces
178(4)
Relationships among Absorptance, Emittance, and Reflectance
182(1)
Broadband Emittance and Absorptance
183(1)
Calculation of Emittance and Absorptance
184(3)
Measurement of Surface Radiation Properties
187(2)
Selective Surfaces
189(4)
Mechanisms of Selectivity
193(4)
Optimum Properties
197(1)
Angular Dependence of Solar Absorptance
197(1)
Absorptance of Cavity Receivers
198(1)
Specularly Reflecting Surfaces
199(5)
References
201(3)
Radiation Transmission through Glazing: Absorbed Radiation
204(34)
Reflection of Radiation
204(4)
Absorption by Glazing
208(1)
Optical Properties of Cover Systems
208(5)
Transmittance for Diffuse Radiation
213(2)
Transmittance-Absorptance Product
215(1)
Angular Dependence of (τα)
216(1)
Spectral Dependence of Transmittance
216(3)
Effects of Surface Layers on Transmittance
219(2)
Absorbed Solar Radiation
221(3)
Monthly Average Absorbed Radiation
224(7)
Absorptance of Rooms
231(1)
Absorptance of Photovoltaic Cells
232(4)
Summary
236(2)
References
236(2)
Flat-Plate Collectors
238(86)
Description of Flat-Plate Collectors
238(1)
Basic Flat-Plate Energy Balance Equation
239(1)
Temperature Distributions in Flat-Plate Collectors
240(2)
Collector Overall Heat Loss Coefficient
242(14)
Temperature Distribution between Tubes and the Collector Efficiency Factor
256(6)
Temperature Distribution in Flow Direction
262(2)
Collector Heat Removal Factor and Flow Factor
264(4)
Critical Radiation Level
268(1)
Mean Fluid and Plate Temperatures
269(1)
Effective Transmittance-Absorptance Product
270(3)
Effects of Dust and Shading
273(1)
Heat Capacity Effects in Flat-Plate Collectors
274(3)
Liquid Heater Plate Geometries
277(5)
Air Heaters
282(7)
Measurements of Collector Performance
289(1)
Collector Characterizations
290(1)
Collector Tests: Efficiency, Incidence Angle Modifier, and Time Constant
291(10)
Test Data
301(2)
Thermal Test Data Conversion
303(4)
Flow Rate Corrections to FR(τα)n and FRUL
307(3)
Flow Distribution in Collectors
310(1)
In Situ Collectors Performance
311(1)
Practical Considerations for Flat-Plate Collectors
312(3)
Putting It All Together
315(5)
Summary
320(4)
References
321(3)
Concentrating Collectors
324(52)
Collector Configurations
325(2)
Concentration Ratio
327(2)
Thermal Performance of Concentrating Collectors
329(7)
Optical Performance of Concentrating Collectors
336(2)
Cylindrical Absorber Arrays
338(2)
Optical Characteristics of Nonimaging Concentrators
340(7)
Orientation and Absorbed Energy for CPC Collectors
347(5)
Performance of CPC Collectors
352(1)
Linear Imaging Concentrators: Geometry
353(4)
Images Formed by Perfect Linear Concentrators
357(5)
Images from Imperfect Linear Concentrators
362(2)
Ray-Trace Methods for Evaluating Concentrators
364(1)
Incidence Angle Modifiers and Energy Balances
364(6)
Paraboloidal Concentrators
370(1)
Central-Receiver Collectors
371(1)
Practical Considerations
372(4)
References
373(3)
Energy Storage
376(36)
Process Loads and Solar Collector Outputs
376(2)
Energy Storage in Solar Process Systems
378(1)
Water Storage
379(3)
Stratification in Storage Tanks
382(5)
Packed-Bed Storage
387(8)
Storage Walls
395(2)
Seasonal Storage
397(2)
Phase Change Energy Storage
399(5)
Chemical Energy Storage
404(1)
Battery Storage
405(7)
References
409(3)
Solar Process Loads
412(13)
Examples of Time-Dependent Loads
413(1)
Hot-Water Loads
414(1)
Space Heating Loads, Degree-Days, and Balance Temperature
415(3)
Building Loss Coefficients
418(2)
Building Energy Storage Capacity
420(1)
Cooling Loads
420(1)
Swimming Pool Heating Loads
421(4)
References
423(2)
System Thermal Calculations
425(25)
Component Models
425(2)
Collector Heat Exchanger Factor
427(2)
Duct and Pipe Loss Factors
429(3)
Controls
432(2)
Collector Arrays: Series Connections
434(2)
Performance of Partially Shaded Collectors
436(2)
Series Arrays with Sections having Different Orientations
438(3)
Use of Modified Collector Equations
441(3)
System Models
444(3)
Solar Fraction and Solar Savings Fraction
447(1)
Summary
448(2)
References
449(1)
Solar Process Economics
450(31)
Costs of Solar Process Systems
450(3)
Design Variables
453(1)
Economic Figures of Merit
454(3)
Discounting and Inflation
457(2)
Present-Worth Factor
459(3)
Life-Cycle Savings Method
462(5)
Evaluation of Other Economic Indicators
467(3)
The P1, P2 Method
470(5)
Uncertainties in Economic Analyses
475(3)
Economic Analysis Using Solar Savings Fraction
478(1)
Summary
479(2)
References
479(2)
PART II APPLICATIONS
481(174)
Solar Water Heating: Active and Passive
483(26)
Water Heating Systems
483(4)
Freezing, Boiling, and Scaling
487(3)
Auxiliary Energy
490(2)
Forced-Circulation Systems
492(2)
Low-Flow Pumped Systems
494(1)
Natural-Circulation Systems
495(3)
Integral Collector Storage Systems
498(2)
Retrofit Water Heaters
500(1)
Water Heating in Space Heating and Cooling Systems
501(1)
Testing and Rating of Solar Water Heaters
501(2)
Economics of Solar Water Heating
503(3)
Swimming Pool Heating
506(1)
Summary
507(2)
References
507(2)
Building Heating: Active
509(39)
Historical Notes
510(1)
Solar Heating Systems
511(4)
CSU House III Flat-Plate Liquid System
515(2)
CSU House II Air System
517(4)
Heating System Parametric Study
521(4)
Solar Energy--Heat Pump Systems
525(6)
Phase Change Storage Systems
531(3)
Seasonal Energy Storage Systems
534(3)
Solar and Off-Peak Electric Systems
537(2)
Solar System Overheating
539(1)
Solar Heating Economics
540(3)
Architectural Considerations
543(5)
References
545(3)
Building Heating: Passive and Hybrid Methods
548(31)
Concepts of Passive Heating
549(1)
Comfort Criteria and Heating Loads
550(1)
Movable Insulation and Controls
550(1)
Shading: Overhangs and Wingwalls
551(5)
Direct-Gain Systems
556(5)
Collector-Storage Walls and Roofs
561(4)
Sunspaces
565(1)
Active Collection--Passive Storage Hybrid Systems
566(3)
Other Hybrid Systems
569(1)
Passive Applications
569(6)
Heat Distribution in Passive Buildings
575(1)
Costs and Economics of Passive Heating
575(4)
References
577(2)
Solar Cooling
579(29)
Solar Absorption Cooling
580(2)
Theory of Absorption Cooling
582(5)
Combined Solar Heating and Cooling
587(2)
Simulation Study of Solar Air Conditioning
589(4)
Operating Experience with Solar Cooling
593(2)
Applications of Solar Absorption Air Conditioning
595(1)
Solar Desiccant Cooling
596(2)
Ventilation and Recirculation Desiccant Cycles
598(2)
Solar-Mechanical Cooling
600(3)
Solar-Related Air Conditioning
603(2)
Passive Cooling
605(3)
References
605(3)
Solar Industrial Process Heat
608(17)
Integration with Industrial Processes
608(1)
Mechanical Design Considerations
609(1)
Economics of Industrial Process Heat
610(1)
Open-Circuit Air Heating Applications
611(3)
Recirculating Air System Applications
614(4)
Once-Through Industrial Water Heating
618(1)
Recirculating Industrial Water Heating
618(3)
Shallow-Pond Water Heaters
621(2)
Summary
623(2)
References
623(2)
Solar Thermal Power Systems
625(14)
Thermal Conversion Systems
625(1)
Gila Bend Pumping System
626(2)
Luz Systems
628(4)
Central-Receiver Systems
632(2)
Solar One and Solar Two Power Plants
634(5)
References
637(2)
Solar Ponds: Evaporative Processes
639(16)
Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds
639(2)
Pond Theory
641(2)
Applications of Ponds
643(1)
Solar Distillation
644(6)
Evaporation
650(1)
Direct Solar Drying
651(1)
Summary
652(3)
References
652(3)
PART III DESIGN METHODS
655(145)
Simulations in Solar Process Design
657(15)
Simulation Programs
657(1)
Utility of Simulations
658(1)
Information from Simulations
659(1)
Trnsys: Thermal Process Simulation Program
660(7)
Simulations and Experiments
667(1)
Meteorological Data
667(3)
Limitations of Simulations
670(2)
References
671(1)
Design of Active Systems: f-Chart
672(24)
Review of Design Methods
672(1)
The f-Chart Method
673(4)
The f-Chart for Liquid Systems
677(6)
The f-Chart for Air Systems
683(4)
Service Water Heating Systems
687(2)
The f-Chart Results
689(2)
Parallel Solar Energy--Heat Pump Systems
691(2)
Summary
693(3)
References
694(2)
Design of Active Systems by Utilizability Methods
696(19)
Hourly Utilizability
697(3)
Daily Utilizability
700(3)
The φ, f-Chart Method
703(10)
Summary
713(2)
References
714(1)
Design of Passive and Hybrid Heating Systems
715(32)
Approaches to Passive Design
715(1)
Solar-Load Ratio Method
716(8)
Unutilizability Design Method: Direct Gain
724(7)
Unutilizability Design Method: Collector-Storage Walls
731(8)
Hybrid Systems: Active Collection with Passive Storage
739(6)
Other Hybrid Systems
745(2)
References
745(2)
Design of Photovoltaic Systems
747(29)
Photovoltaic Converters
748(1)
PV Generator Characteristics and Models
749(10)
Cell Temperature
759(2)
Load Characteristics and Direct-Coupled Systems
761(3)
Controls and Maximum Power Point Trackers
764(2)
Applications
766(1)
Design Procedures
767(6)
High-Flux PV Generators
773(1)
Summary
773(3)
References
774(2)
Wind Energy
776(24)
Introduction
776(4)
Wind Resource
780(8)
One-Dimensional Wind Turbine Model
788(5)
Estimating Wind Turbine Average Power and Energy Production
793(5)
Summary
798(2)
References
798(2)
APPENDIXES
800(93)
Problems
800(40)
Nomenclature
840(5)
International System of Units
845(2)
Monthly Rb as Function of φ and φ -- β
847(8)
Properties of Materials
855(5)
Present-Worth Factors
860(4)
Meteorological Data
864(7)
Solar Position Diagrams
871(6)
Average Shading Factors for Overhangs
877(16)
Index 893

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