There are two basic types of personalities: "sunny" or "rainy," those that see the glass as half-full or those that see it as half-empty. Scientists have long debated how we form these personalities, and whether we can alter them. In Rainy Brain, Sunny Brain, leading experimental neuroscientist Elaine Fox shows that pessimism and optimism are indeed hard-wired into the human brain--but this doesn't mean they are unalterable. Groundbreaking research has revealed an incredibly uplifting truth: we possess a range of tools for reshaping our brains, and we can use this power to profoundly improve our happiness and wellbeing. Optimism and pessimism, Fox shows, can be boiled down to a single question: whether we're more inclined to seek pleasure or avoid danger. People whose primary impulse is toward the former are more likely to see the opportunities in life and downplay the risks; people who are more concerned with avoiding danger, on the other hand, tend to look at opportunities and see only the worst possible outcome. To a certain extent, our genetics determine which camp we fall into--but Fox shows that this genetic predisposition actually hinges upon a complex mix of environmental and neurological factors. By following the inclinations hard-wired into our brains, we sensitize and strengthen key brain circuits, eventually forming powerful cognitive biases that reinforce our inborn impulses. And when our "fear brain" or our "pleasure brain" holds too much sway, the results can be disastrous, as people suffering from addiction, depression, and anxiety can readily attest. But as Fox shows in Rainy Brain, Sunny Brain,new scientific advances are giving us reason to hope. Breakthroughs in neuroscience are making it clear that our brains are more malleable than we ever imagined, and that by subtly changing the way we respond to sensory stimuli, we can actually rewire the connections between the different parts of our brains, making a rainy brain sunnier. Fox shows how a range of treatments--from simple visual conditioning to mindfulness meditation to more traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy--can serve to remap our neurological pathways, with lasting results. The most important implication of these findings, as Fox explains, is that a person whose pessimism is so pronounced that it results in depression or anxiety can "retrain" her brain, thereby changing her overall outlook and allowing herself to flourish in a way she may never have thought possible. With keen insights into the various genetic, experiential, and neurological factors that combine to make us who we are, Rainy Brain, Sunny Brainrevolutionizes our basic concept of individuality, proving that we can control our own personalities, and that our lives are only as ‘sunny' or as ‘rainy' as we allow them to be.

Elaine Fox is currently a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford and Director of the Affective Neuroscience Laboratory in the Department of Psychology at the University of Essex, where she leads a program of research combining cognitive psychology, neuroimaging, and genetics.

She has been Head of the Department of Psychology at the University of Essex and an associate editor of leading scientific journals including Emotion and Cognition & Emotion. Her work has been discussed in Nature, Science, New Scientist, the Economist, and the New York Times. A Fellow of the Association of Psychological Science (APS), she divides her time between Wivenhoe and Oxford in England.