| Preface | p. x |
| Foundations | |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Defining the Study and Practice of Organizational Communication | p. 4 |
| The Prevalence of Misunderstandings | p. 6 |
| The Changing Nature of Organizations | p. 8 |
| The Realities of a Diverse Workforce | p. 11 |
| Ethical Frameworks and Organizational Communication | p. 13 |
| Three Important Constructs | p. 16 |
| Organizational Identification | p. 16 |
| Job Satisfaction | p. 17 |
| Communication Satisfaction | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 18 |
| Classical Theories of Organizations | p. 21 |
| The Metaphor of the Machine | p. 22 |
| Minimizing Misunderstandings | p. 22 |
| Taylor's Theory of Scientific Management | p. 24 |
| Elements of Scientific Management | p. 25 |
| Scientific Management in the Modern Workplace | p. 27 |
| Fayol's Administrative Theory | p. 27 |
| Principles of Management | p. 28 |
| Elements of Management | p. 30 |
| Administrative Theory in the Modern Workplace | p. 32 |
| Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy | p. 33 |
| Tenets of Bureaucracy | p. 34 |
| Bureaucracy in the Modern Workplace | p. 36 |
| Summary | p. 36 |
| Humanistic Theories of Organizations | p. 39 |
| Human Relations Theory | p. 39 |
| Misunderstandings and the Emergence of the Worker | p. 40 |
| The Beginning of the Human Relations Movement: z The Hawthorne Studies | p. 41 |
| The Emergence of Communication: Chester Barnard | p. 45 |
| Theory X and Theory Y: Douglas McGregor | p. 49 |
| Human Resources Theory | p. 53 |
| Four Systems of Management: Rensis Likert | p. 55 |
| Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid | p. 59 |
| Summary | p. 61 |
| Systems Theory | p. 63 |
| Misunderstandings and the Organization as a System | p. 63 |
| Systems Framework | p. 65 |
| Principles of General System Theory | p. 66 |
| Open-Systems Theory Principles | p. 67 |
| Characteristics of Organizations as Systems | p. 69 |
| Input-Throughput-Output | p. 69 |
| Feedback and Dynamic Homeostasis | p. 70 |
| Equivocality and Requisite Variety | p. 71 |
| Role of Communication | p. 71 |
| Systems, Subsystems, and Supersystems | p. 71 |
| Boundaries | p. 72 |
| The 'Closed' System | p. 73 |
| Contingency Theory | p. 74 |
| The Learning Organization | p. 76 |
| Summary | p. 78 |
| Organizational Culture Theory and Critical Theory | p. 81 |
| Organizational Culture Theory | p. 82 |
| What Is Organizational Culture? | p. 82 |
| Misunderstandings and Organizational Culture | p. 83 |
| Two Perspectives on Organizational Culture | p. 85 |
| Definitions of Organizational Culture | p. 90 |
| Schein's Model of Organizational Culture | p. 93 |
| Critical Theory | p. 96 |
| Organization as a Site of Domination | p. 96 |
| Power, Hegemony, and Concertive Control | p. 97 |
| Communication and Critical Theory | p. 100 |
| Critical Theory: Issues and Challenges | p. 101 |
| Summary | p. 103 |
| The Communicative Organization | p. 105 |
| Talk as Action: Structuration and the Communicative Organization | p. 106 |
| Talk as Action | p. 107 |
| The Communicative Organization Model | p. 109 |
| Anticipate Misunderstandings | p. 110 |
| Social Interaction | p. 114 |
| Behavioral Flexibility | p. 116 |
| Strategic Communication Planning | p. 116 |
| Summary | p. 119 |
| Challenges and Misunderstandings | |
| Realistic Recruitment | p. 123 |
| When Applicants and Organizations Misrepresent Themselves | p. 124 |
| Misrepresentation by the Applicant | p. 125 |
| Misrepresentation by the Organization | p. 126 |
| The Costs of Traditional Recruiting | p. 127 |
| The Human Factor | p. 127 |
| The Financial Factor | p. 129 |
| Addressing the Problem: Realistic Recruitment | p. 130 |
| How RJPs Work | p. 131 |
| The Medium of the RJP | p. 131 |
| Time of Administration of the RJP | p. 135 |
| Realistic Recruitment and the Communicative Organization | p. 135 |
| Summary | p. 136 |
| Socialization of New Members | p. 139 |
| The Need for Information | p. 140 |
| Organizational Assimilation | p. 144 |
| Anticipatory Socialization | p. 145 |
| Organizational Encounter | p. 145 |
| Metamorphosis | p. 146 |
| Criticisms of the Assimilation Approach | p. 147 |
| Organizational Socialization | p. 148 |
| Factors Affecting Socialization: Loyalty and Congruency | p. 148 |
| Socialization Processes | p. 150 |
| Summary | p. 154 |
| Conflict in the Organization | p. 157 |
| Defining Conflict | p. 158 |
| How Does a Conflict Start? | p. 159 |
| Negative Consequences of Conflict | p. 160 |
| Negative Consequences | p. 160 |
| Positive Consequences of Conflict | p. 161 |
| Factors Influencing Conflict | p. 161 |
| Conflict Styles | p. 162 |
| Relationship Between a Superior's Conflict Styles and Rewards for Subordinates | p. 165 |
| Diversity and Gender as Related to Conflict Styles | p. 165 |
| Disputes and Negotiation | p. 166 |
| Conflict Management and Resolution Skills | p. 167 |
| Summary | p. 170 |
| Superior-Subordinate Communication | p. 173 |
| Nature and Importance of the Superior-Subordinate Relationship | p. 175 |
| The Prevalence of Misunderstandings in the Superior-Subordinate Relationship | p. 176 |
| A Dyadic View of the Superior-Subordinate Relationship | p. 179 |
| Trait Research | p. 180 |
| Behavior Research | p. 180 |
| Leader-Member Exchange Theory | p. 181 |
| Communication Activities: Superior to Subordinate | p. 184 |
| Trust | p. 184 |
| Immediacy | p. 185 |
| Feedback | p. 185 |
| Compliance-Gaining | p. 188 |
| Communication Activities: Subordinate to Superior | p. 189 |
| Upward Influence | p. 189 |
| Women and the Superior-Subordinate Relationship | p. 190 |
| Summary | p. 192 |
| Peer and Co-worker Communication | p. 193 |
| Nature of Relationships in Organizations | p. 194 |
| Principles of Developing Work Relationships | p. 195 |
| Proxemics Affect Relationship Development | p. 195 |
| Relationship Communication Conveys Information and Imposes Behavior | p. 195 |
| Relationships Can Be Symmetrical or Complementary | p. 196 |
| Each Partner Has Different Interpersonal Needs | p. 196 |
| Co-workers Can Have More Control Over Each Other Than Can Supervisors | p. 197 |
| Relationship Development | p. 198 |
| Social-Exchange Theory | p. 200 |
| Positive Consequences of Work Relationships | p. 200 |
| Negative Consequences of Work Relationships | p. 201 |
| Strains Caused by Work | p. 202 |
| Strains Caused by Friendship | p. 203 |
| Strengthening Work Relationships | p. 205 |
| Provide Positive Feedback | p. 205 |
| Mediate Conflict | p. 205 |
| Discuss Communication | p. 205 |
| Help Manage Relationships | p. 206 |
| Case Study (Submitted by Phil Modaff) | p. 207 |
| Summary | p. 211 |
| Organizational Teams | p. 213 |
| Characteristics of Groups | p. 214 |
| Norms | p. 214 |
| Cohesiveness | p. 215 |
| Diversity | p. 216 |
| Satisfaction | p. 217 |
| Groupthink | p. 217 |
| Stress | p. 218 |
| Stuckness | p. 219 |
| Relational Communication in Groups | p. 219 |
| Decision Making | p. 221 |
| Ethics and Computer-Supported Decision Making | p. 221 |
| Effective Teams | p. 222 |
| Suggestions for Team Members | p. 224 |
| Suggestions for Organizations | p. 225 |
| Summary | p. 225 |
| Communication Technology in the Organization | p. 227 |
| An Overview of Communication Technology | p. 227 |
| Voice Mail | p. 228 |
| p. 230 | |
| Teleconferences and Compressed Video | p. 232 |
| Computer-Mediated Groups | p. 232 |
| Virtual Reality | p. 233 |
| Criteria for Selection of Mediated Communication | p. 234 |
| Fear of Technology and the Impact of Technology on Relationships | p. 237 |
| Summary | p. 238 |
| Postscript | p. 239 |
| Subject Index | p. 243 |
| References | p. 251 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
Organizational Communication : Foundations, Challenges and Misunderstandings
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