Inulin-Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingredients,9780849300592

Inulin-Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingredients

by ;
ISBN13: 9780849300592
ISBN10: 0849300592
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-10-28
Publisher(s): CRC Press
List Price: $225.75

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Summary

Inulin and oligofructose are naturally occurring carbohydrates that have a variety of uses as functional food ingredients. These carbohydrates act as dietary fiber in the digestive system. In addition, inulin and oligofructose are prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. They also have applications as a sugar substitute and fat replacer. Written by one of the leading researchers in this field, this monograph thoroughly describes these important natural food ingredients. Of particular interest is the relationship of inulin and oligofructose to lipid metabolism, carcinogenesis, mineral absorption, and the immune system.

Author Biography

Marcel Roberfroid is now a retired professor of the Universite Catholique de Louvain in Belgium

Table of Contents

PART I Introduction
Functional Foods and Claims: Concepts, Strategy of Development, Requirements for the Scientific Substantiation of Claims, and Communication with Consumers
3(14)
Nutrition in the 20th Century: From Prevention of Deficiencies to Reduction of Risk Due to Excessive Consumption of Nutrients
3(1)
Nutrition at the Turn of the 21st Century: New Challenges
4(1)
The Concept of Optimum Nutrition
5(12)
Functional Food: A Nutrition Concept
5(2)
Functional Food: A Consensus of the European Scientific Community
7(1)
The Strategy for Functional Food Development
8(1)
Type A and Type B Claims
9(1)
The Communication Challenge
10(1)
Communication on the Functional Effects of a Prebiotic: An Example
11(2)
Perspectives in Functional Food Development and the Case of the Prebiotics
13(2)
References
15(2)
The Gastrointestinal System: A Major Target for Functional Foods
17(22)
The Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System
17(1)
The Digestive Functions
18(13)
Digestion and Fermentation
18(2)
The Oral Cavity
20(1)
The Stomach
21(1)
Exocrine Pancreas, the Bile, and the Small Intestine
21(3)
The Large Bowel and Colonic Microflora
24(3)
The Absorption
27(3)
Excretion
30(1)
Motility
30(1)
Endocrinology: Peptide Hormones
31(2)
Defense Mechanisms
33(6)
References
35(4)
PART II Inulin: Origin, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technological Properties
Inulin: A Fructan
39(22)
Fructans
39(5)
Definition
39(1)
Chemistry of Linear, Branched, and Cyclic Fructans
40(2)
Biochemistry: The Biosynthetic Pathways of Fructans
42(1)
Natural Occurrence of Fructans
43(1)
Occurrence of Fructans in Plants
43(1)
Occurrence of Fructans in Fung
44(1)
Occurrence of Fructans in Bacteria
44(1)
Inulin
44(4)
History of Inulin
44(1)
Chemistry and Biochemistry of Inulin
45(1)
Distribution of Inulin in Plants
46(2)
Biological Functions of Inulin in Plants
48(1)
Chicory Inulin
48(13)
Description of Chicory Inulin
48(1)
Nomenclature of Inulin
49(1)
Industrial Production of Inulin and Oligofructose and Related Products
50(1)
Technological Properties of Chicory Inulin and Oligofructose
50(5)
Analytical Methodologies
55(3)
Reference
58(3)
The Digestive Functions: Inulin-Type Fructans as Nondigestible Oligosaccharides
61(12)
Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Gastrointestinal Tract
61(2)
Carbohydrate Hydrolysis in the Oral Cavity and the Stomach
61(1)
Carbohydrate Hydrolysis in the Small Intestine
62(1)
Methods to Study the Digestibility of Oligo and Polysaccharides
63(1)
Absorption of Hexoses in the Small Intestine
63(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans as Nondigestible Oligosaccharides (NDOs)
64(4)
Methodologies and Results
64(1)
Linkage Analysis of Inulin-Type Fructans
64(1)
In Vitro Models To Demonstrate Resistance of Inulin-Type Fructans to Digestion
65(1)
Rat Models to Demonstrate, In Vivo, the Resistance of Inulin-Type Fructans to Digestion
65(1)
Human Models To Demonstrate, In Vivo, the Resistance of Inulin-Type Fructans to Digestion
66(1)
Experimental and Human Data Demonstrating That Inulin-Type Fructans Resist Digestion
67(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans as Nondigestible Oligosaccharides: Discussion and Conclusion
68(5)
References
69(4)
The Digestive Functions: Inulin-Type Fructans as Fermentable Carbohydrates
73(30)
The Colon as a Fermenter
73(3)
The Anaerobic Fermentation of Proteins
76(2)
Anaerobic Fermentation of Carbohydrates
78(11)
Introduction
78(1)
Substrates of Colonic Carbohydrate Fermentation
78(2)
Anaerobic Degradation of Carbohydrates during Colonic Fermentation
80(1)
Hydrolysis of Oligo- and Polysaccharides
80(1)
Catabolic Pathways of Carbohydrates in Colonic Microorganisms
80(1)
Metabolic Pathways Transforming Pyruvate in Colonic Microorganisms
81(2)
Overview of the Biochemistry of Production of Fermentation End Products by Human Colonic Microflora
83(1)
The Concept of Healthy Colonic Microflora
83(1)
Production of SCFAs
83(1)
Production of Lactate
84(1)
Production of Gases
84(1)
Metabolism of H2
84(1)
Methodologies for the Study of the Colonic Fermentation of Carbohydrate
85(1)
Introduction
85(1)
In Vitro Models to Study the Fermentation of Carbohydrates by the Colonic Microflora
86(1)
In Vivo Models to Study the Fermentation of Carbohydrates by the Colonic Microflora
87(2)
Anaerobic Fermentation of Inulin-Type Fructans
89(5)
The Process of Fermentation: Results and Discussion
89(1)
In Vitro Data
89(2)
In Vivo Data
91(1)
Side Effects of Fermentation of Inulin-Type Fructans
92(2)
Discussion and Conclusion
94(9)
References
95(8)
The Digestive Functions: Inulin and Oligofructose as Dietary Fiber
103(30)
Dietary Fiber: A Concept in Human Nutrition
103(12)
History
103(1)
Definition of Dietary Fiber
103(3)
The Dietary Fiber Components
106(1)
Analysis of Dietary Fiber
106(2)
Physicochemical Properties of Dietary Fiber
108(2)
Physiological Properties of Dietary Fiber: Their Effects on Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
110(1)
Resistance to Digestion
110(1)
Effects on Upper Gastrointestinal Functions
111(1)
Physiological Properties of Dietary Fiber: Their Effects on the Large Bowel
111(1)
Colonic Fermentation
111(2)
Bowel Habit
113(2)
Inulin and Oligofructose as Dietary Fiber
115(18)
Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Concept of Dietary Fiber
115(1)
Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Analysis of Dietary Fiber
116(1)
Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Physicochemical Properties of Dietary Fiber
116(1)
Inulin and Oligofructose, and the Effects of Dietary Fiber on the Gastrointestinal Tract
117(1)
Resistance to Digestion
117(1)
Inulin and Oligofructose, and Upper Gastrointestinal Functions
117(1)
Colonic Fermentation of Inulin and Oligofructose
118(1)
Inulin and Oligofructose, and Lower Gastrointestinal Functions
119(3)
Effects of Inulin and Oligofructose on Bowel Habit
122(1)
Conclusion
123(1)
References
124(9)
Inulin and Oligofructose as Low-Calorie Carbohydrates
133(14)
Introduction
133(1)
Methodologies to Assess Energy Value of Inulin-Type Fructans
134(3)
Assessment of Energy Value of Inulin and Oligofructose: Results and Discussion
137(5)
Stoichiometry of Metabolism by Bifidobacteria
137(1)
Stoichiometry of Fermentation by Intestinal Microflora
137(1)
Efficiency of Microbial Biomass Production
138(2)
ATP Yield of the Metabolism of the Fermentation End Products by the Host
140(1)
Absorption and Excretion of SCFAs and Lactate
140(1)
Cellular Metabolism of SCFAs and Lactate and ATP Yield
140(2)
Inulin and Oligofructose as Low-Calorie Carbohydrates: Conclusion
142(5)
References
143(4)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Gastrointestinal Functions: Conclusions and Perspectives
147(4)
References
150(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Modulation of the Intestinal Microflora: The Prebiotic Effect
151(32)
Introduction
151(2)
Concept of Colonic Health
151(1)
Concept of Balanced Colonic Microflora
152(1)
Prebiotics: Definition and Requirements for Scientific Substantiation
153(2)
Methodologies for the Study of the Composition of the Gut Microflora
155(4)
Culture on Selective Media
157(1)
Molecular Methodologies
157(1)
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
158(1)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
158(1)
Direct Community Analysis
159(1)
Denaturing or Temperature-Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
159(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans Classify as Prebiotic: Scientific Substantiation
159(9)
Experimental Evidence
159(1)
In Vitro Data
159(2)
In Vivo Data
161(2)
Human Data
163(5)
Inulin-Type Fructans as Prebiotics: Discussion and Perspectives
168(15)
Qualitative Aspects of the Prebiotic Effect
168(1)
Quantitative Aspects: The Prebiotic Index
169(3)
Conclusions and Perspectives
172(4)
References
176(7)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Intestinal Absorption of Minerals
183(56)
Introduction
183(1)
The Physiology of Calcium
183(7)
Calcium Metabolism
183(2)
Calcium Intake and Bone Health
185(2)
Calcium Requirements and Recommendations
187(2)
Improving Calcium Intakes and Calcium Bioavailability in the Population
189(1)
The Physiology of Magnesium
190(1)
Magnesium Metabolism
190(1)
Magnesium Requirements and Recommendations
191(1)
Methodologies for the Study of Mineral Absorption and Bone Health
191(5)
Methodologies for the Study of Ca and Mg Absorption
191(1)
Metabolic Balance Studies
191(1)
Tracer Studies
192(2)
Kinetics of Urinary Ca Excretion
194(1)
Methodologies for the Study of Bone Health
194(1)
Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover
194(1)
Bone Mineral Mass and Density
195(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans: Mineral Absorption and Bone Health
196(19)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Ca Absorption
196(1)
In Vitro Data
196(1)
Animal Data
197(6)
Human Data
203(3)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Mg Absorption
206(1)
Animal Data
206(5)
Human Data
211(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Bone Health
212(1)
Bone Structure and Bone Quality
212(1)
Bone Mineralization
213(1)
Bone Density
214(1)
Bone Turnover
214(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Gastrointestinal Absorption of Iron. Copper, Zinc, and Phosphate
215(3)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Absorption of Iron
215(1)
Animal Data
215(1)
Human Data
216(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Absorption of Copper and Zinc
216(1)
Animal Data
216(1)
Human Data
217(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Phosphate Absorption
218(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans---Mineral Absorption and Bone Health: Discussion, Perspectives, and Conclusion
218(21)
Protocols and Methodologies
218(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Absorption of Minerals
219(4)
Mechanisms
223(3)
Conclusion
226(1)
References
227(12)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Homeostasis of Lipids
239(28)
Introduction
239(1)
Biochemistry of Lipid Metabolism
239(4)
Metabolism of Triacylglycerols
239(2)
Metabolism of Cholesterol and Lipoproteins
241(1)
Methodologies to Study Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Homeostasis
242(1)
In Vivo Experiments
242(1)
Ex Vivo Protocols
243(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Lipid Homeostasis
243(14)
Animal Data
243(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Healthy Experimental Animals Fed a Standard Diet
244(2)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Healthy Experimental Animals Fed Hyperlipidemic Diets
246(2)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Genetically Modified Animals Prone to Develop Obesity or Hypercholesterolemia
248(1)
Human Data
248(1)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Normolipidemic Subjects
249(1)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in (Slightly) Hyperlipidemic Subjects
250(2)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Parameters in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetic (NIDDM) Subjects
252(2)
Mechanisms of the Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Lipid Homeostasis
254(3)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Lipid Homeostasis: Discussion, Conclusion, and Perspectives
257(10)
References
261(6)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Defense Functions of the Body
267(70)
Introduction: The Defense Functions of the Body
267(4)
Innate Components of the Body's Defense
267(3)
Acquired Components of the Body's Defense
270(1)
Role of the Gastrointestinal System in the Body's Defense
271(8)
Gastrointestinal Mucosa and Defense Functions: Generalities
271(1)
Gastrointestinal Mucosa as a Barrier
271(1)
Gastrointestinal Mucosa as a Safeguard
272(1)
Intestinal Microflora and the Gastrointestinal System in the Body's Defense
272(1)
The Gastrointestinal Mucosa and the Body's Defense Functions: Specific Mechanisms
273(1)
Defense Mechanisms in the Oral Cavity
273(1)
Defense Mechanisms in the Stomach
274(1)
Defense Mechanisms in the Intestine
274(3)
Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Defense Functions
277(1)
Biomarkers of Barrier Functions
277(1)
Biomarkers of Safeguard Functions
278(1)
Indirect Measurements of Defense Functions
278(1)
Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Defense Functions
279(2)
Dietary Fiber and Immune Function
279(1)
Effects of Fermentable Dietary Fibers on Immune Functions
280(1)
Mechanisms of the Effects of Fermentable Fibers on Immune Functions
280(1)
Probiotics, Immune Functions, and the Risk of Immune-Associated Diseases
281(2)
Effects of Probiotics on Immune Functions
281(1)
Mechanisms of the Effects of Probiotics on Immune Functions
281(1)
Probiotics and Disease Risk Associated with Dysfunctional Gastrointestinal Defenses
282(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Gastrointestinal System's Defense Functions
283(29)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Barrier Functions
283(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Intestinal Epithelia
283(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Colonization Resistance and Translocation of Microorganisms
284(5)
Effects on Chemical Safeguard Functions
289(1)
Effects on Enzymatic Safeguard Functions
290(2)
Effects on Immune Defense Functions
292(5)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on the Risk of Diseases Related to Dysfunction of Gastrointestinal Defense Functions
297(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on the Risk of Traveler's Diarrhea
297(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on the Risk of Irritable Bowel Diseases (IBD)
298(4)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
302(1)
Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Colon Cancer
303(9)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Systemic Defense Functions
312(5)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Systemic Infection
312(1)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Risk of Chemically Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis
313(1)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Growth of Implanted Tumors
313(2)
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Metastasis
315(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Potentiation of Cancer Therapy
315(2)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Defense Functions: Overview, Discussion and Perspectives
317(20)
References
321(16)
General Discussion, Perspectives, and Conclusions
337(16)
Introduction
337(1)
General Discussion
337(10)
Inulin-Type Fructans and the Functional Food Concept
338(3)
Inulin-Type Fructans: Health and Well-Being
341(3)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Specific Food Applications
344(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Infant Formulas
344(1)
Inulin-Type Fructans and Feed for Domestic Animals and Pets
345(2)
Conclusions and Perspectives
347(6)
References
349(4)
Index 353

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