| Preface |
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xvii | |
| PART 1 INTRODUCTORY PERSPECTIVES |
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1 | (46) |
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1 Introduction: Communication and Competence |
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3 | (20) |
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4 | (2) |
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Definitions of Human Communication |
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4 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Communication |
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5 | (1) |
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BOX 1.1 Bonzo Goes to College: Attempts to Teach Language to Primates |
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6 | (10) |
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A Model of Communicative Competence |
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10 | (6) |
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Individual Knowledge and Communicative Competence |
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11 | (4) |
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Social Context and Communicative Competence |
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15 | (1) |
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BOX 1.2 Insulting the Meat: An Interpersonal Communication Ritual |
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16 | (7) |
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The Link Between Process and Performance |
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16 | (2) |
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Skill Building: On Taking a Process Perspective |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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2 Interpersonal Communication: Building Relationships |
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23 | (24) |
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What Is Interpersonal Communication? The Nature of Dyads |
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23 | (3) |
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The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Relationships |
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26 | (1) |
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BOX 2.1 The Neuroscience of Love: Why We Need Relationships |
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26 | (12) |
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27 | (2) |
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The Characteristics of Relationships |
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29 | (4) |
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Relational Paths: Intimacy and Distance |
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33 | (4) |
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Interpersonal Profiles: Private and Public Paths |
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33 | (3) |
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Independence vs. Conformity: A Basic Interpersonal Dilemma |
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36 | (1) |
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Building Relationships: What Does It Take to Be Relationally Competent? |
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37 | (1) |
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Communication Competence and Relationships |
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37 | (1) |
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BOX 2.2 Mind Your Manners: Some Social Functions of Etiquette |
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38 | (11) |
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Some Characteristics of Healthy Relationships |
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40 | (1) |
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Skill Building: A Preview |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (8) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
| PART 2: SENDING AND RECEIVING MESSAGES |
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47 | (90) |
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49 | (34) |
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What Is Nonverbal Communication? |
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50 | (3) |
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Spontaneous Communication |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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The Power of Nonverbal Codes |
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52 | (1) |
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The Functions of Nonverbal Codes: Three Ways to Use Them |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Modifying Verbal Messages |
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54 | (1) |
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Regulating the Flow of Interaction |
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55 | (1) |
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The Structure of Nonverbal Codes: Seven Channels for Message Making |
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55 | (13) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (2) |
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BOX 3.1 The "Guarded Self": How to Avoid Being Seen in Public |
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62 | (6) |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (3) |
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BOX 3.2 A Nonlinear History of Handshaking |
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68 | (15) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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Balancing Nonverbal Codes: Compensating and Reciprocating |
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71 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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Compensating and Reciprocating in Everyday Life |
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72 | (1) |
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The Interplay of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication |
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73 | (2) |
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Skill Building: Communicating Feelings |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (6) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (30) |
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84 | (3) |
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Differences Between the Verbal and Nonverbal Codes |
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84 | (2) |
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Characteristics of the Verbal Code |
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86 | (1) |
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The Functions of Language |
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87 | (1) |
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The Structure of Language: Three Levels of Meaning |
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88 | (6) |
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Semantic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Word |
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88 | (2) |
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Syntactic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Utterance |
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90 | (1) |
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Pragmatic Meaning: Language at the Level of the Speech Act |
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91 | (3) |
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Language, Power, and Politics |
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94 | (5) |
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Linguistic Determinism: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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94 | (1) |
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Language, Thought, and Action: Language and Naming |
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95 | (1) |
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BOX 4.1 Speaking with Names: An Apache Language Ritual |
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96 | (3) |
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Group Membership and Language Use: Discourse and Identity |
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98 | (1) |
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BOX 4.2 Talking Tough in Teamsterville: Male Role Enactment in an Urban Community |
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99 | (14) |
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Skill Building: Initiating Conversation |
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104 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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Using Free Information During Conversation |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (6) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (24) |
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What Are Relational Messages? |
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114 | (2) |
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The Nature of Relational Messages |
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114 | (1) |
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Sending Relational Messages |
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114 | (1) |
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Relational Messages and Relational Definitions |
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115 | (1) |
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The Content of Relational Messages |
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116 | (5) |
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Sending Dominance Messages |
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116 | (3) |
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Indicating Emotional Tone |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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How Relational Messages Affect Us |
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121 | (1) |
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Confirming and Disconfirming Messages |
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121 | (1) |
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Paradoxes and Double Binds |
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121 | (1) |
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BOX 5.1 Netiquette: Common Courtesy Online |
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122 | (8) |
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Pragmatic Patterns and Relational Sequences |
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125 | (4) |
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Looking for Meaning in Patterns |
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125 | (1) |
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Patterns vs. People: The Locus of Dyadic Communication |
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126 | (1) |
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The Problem of Punctuation |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Skill Building: Empathy and Perspective-Taking |
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129 | (1) |
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BOX 5.2 Schismogenesis: Patterns of Role Differentiation in a New Guinea Village |
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130 | (9) |
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132 | (8) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
| PART 3: INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES |
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137 | (110) |
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6 Interpretive Competence: How We Perceive Individuals, Relationships, and Social Events |
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139 | (36) |
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Why Is Social Cognition Important in Interpersonal Communication? |
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140 | (3) |
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Social Cognition and the Reception of Messages |
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140 | (1) |
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Social Cognition and Action |
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141 | (1) |
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Social Cognition and Control |
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141 | (1) |
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Communication and Changes in Social Cognitions |
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142 | (1) |
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The Structure of Social Cognition |
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143 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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Types of Cognitive Structures |
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144 | (2) |
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The Perceptual Process: An Overview |
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146 | (4) |
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Creating Structure, Stability, and Meaning |
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146 | (2) |
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Selective Exposure and Attention |
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148 | (1) |
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Interpreting and Organizing Stimuli |
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149 | (1) |
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BOX 6.1 Perception Goes to the Movies: How Cinematographers Influence What We See |
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150 | (16) |
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Four Processes in Interpersonal Perception |
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152 | (13) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (4) |
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159 | (1) |
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Explaining Behavior: Attribution Theories |
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160 | (5) |
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Skill Building: Becoming a Competent Listener |
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165 | (1) |
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BOX 6.2 Interpretive Competence: Making Sense by Using Reflections and Interpretations |
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166 | (9) |
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167 | (1) |
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Developing Listening Skills |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (5) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
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7 Role Competence: Adapting to Social Expectations |
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175 | (18) |
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Being Part of the Group: Following Social Rules |
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175 | (3) |
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Social Control and Conformity Pressures |
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176 | (1) |
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The Nature of Social Roles |
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176 | (2) |
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BOX 7.1 They Just Like to Be Not the Same as Us: Play Patterns and the Development of Sex Role Identities |
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178 | (8) |
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178 | (3) |
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Social Support and Role Identity |
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179 | (1) |
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Commitment and Role Identity |
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180 | (1) |
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Rewards and Role Identity |
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181 | (1) |
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How Social Roles Affect Communication |
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181 | (4) |
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Communication as Performance |
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181 | (3) |
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Communication and Story-Telling |
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184 | (1) |
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Skill Building: Becoming More Mindful |
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185 | (1) |
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BOX 7.2 When is a Man a "Real Man "? |
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186 | (7) |
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Mindfulness and Open-Mindedness |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (5) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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8 Self Competence: Establishing Individual Identities |
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193 | (26) |
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194 | (1) |
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Self-Concepts: Gaining Independence from Social Roles and Rules |
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195 | (1) |
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What Is the Self-Concept? |
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196 | (1) |
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BOX 8.1 The Saturated Self. Will You Still Be You Tomorrow? |
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196 | (8) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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Self as Behavioral Indicators |
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200 | (1) |
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Self as Relational Achievement |
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201 | (1) |
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Self as Internal Dialogue |
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202 | (1) |
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Individual Differences and Interpersonal Communication |
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203 | (1) |
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BOX 8.2 Zen and the Art of Selfishness: "What is Your Original Face Before Your Mother and Father were Born?" |
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204 | (15) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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Communication Apprehension |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Skill Building: Improving Competence Through Self-Disclosure |
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208 | (7) |
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209 | (1) |
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General Rules for Revealing the Self |
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210 | (2) |
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A Case Study in Disclosure: The Coming Out Process |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (5) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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9 Goal Competence: Interpersonal Influence |
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219 | (28) |
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BOX 9.1 Moon for the Misbegotten. Methods of Cult Conversion |
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220 | (18) |
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Communication and Strategic Interaction |
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221 | (2) |
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Instrumental, Relational, and Identity Issues |
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222 | (1) |
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Symbolic Role-Taking and Social Sensitivity |
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222 | (1) |
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Understanding Others' Needs |
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223 | (11) |
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223 | (4) |
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The Need for Stability and Consistency |
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227 | (5) |
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The Need for Self-Respect |
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232 | (2) |
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Summary: Choice and Motivation |
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234 | (1) |
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Identity and Influence: Source Characteristics |
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234 | (3) |
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Power and Interpersonal Influence |
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234 | (2) |
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Self-Presentation Strategies |
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236 | (1) |
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Influence as Self-Persuasion |
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237 | (1) |
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Planning Persuasive Messages: Compliance-Gaining Strategies |
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237 | (1) |
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BOX 9.2 Caveat Emptor: Techniques of Confidence Tricksters |
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238 | (11) |
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Kinds of Message Strategies |
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239 | (2) |
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The Structure of Requests |
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241 | (1) |
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Interpersonal Influence and Goal Competence |
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241 | (1) |
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Skill Building: Becoming More Assertive |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (6) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
| RART 4: RELATIONAL CONTEXTS |
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247 | (152) |
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10 Family Interaction Patterns |
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249 | (38) |
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250 | (1) |
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The Family as a System: Structure and Function |
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251 | (8) |
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252 | (5) |
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The Functions of the Family |
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257 | (2) |
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The Evolving Family: Calibrating Change |
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259 | (1) |
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BOX 10.1 A Better Place to Live: How the Built Environment Shapes Family and Community Life |
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260 | (8) |
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The Dynamics of Change in the Family |
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262 | (3) |
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Strategies for Coping with Change |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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BOX 10.2 Childhood in the 18th Century: What Shapes the Family That Shapes Us? |
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268 | (19) |
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Family Communication Patterns |
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270 | (8) |
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Interaction Patterns in the Family as a Whole |
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270 | (2) |
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Interaction Patterns in Family Subsystems |
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272 | (6) |
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Communicative Competence and the Family |
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278 | (2) |
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Family and Interpretive Competence |
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278 | (1) |
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Family and Role Competence |
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278 | (1) |
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Family and Goal Competence |
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279 | (1) |
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Family and Self Competence |
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279 | (1) |
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Family and Message Competence |
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279 | (1) |
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Skill Building: Communicating to Comfort |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (6) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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11 Intimate Relationships: Creating Dyadic Identities |
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287 | (42) |
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Have People Always Had Intimate Relationships? |
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288 | (1) |
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How Are Intimate Relationships Formed Today? |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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BOX 11.1 Cupid's Shuttlecock: Individualism and Romantic Love in 19th-century America |
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290 | (14) |
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Friendships and Romantic Relationships |
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291 | (1) |
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Influences in Defining Intimacy |
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292 | (1) |
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The Creation of Intimate Relations |
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292 | (4) |
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Interpersonal Attraction: Opening the Door |
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296 | (3) |
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Duck's Filtering Theory of Attraction |
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296 | (1) |
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Interpersonal Magnets: Factors That Pull Us Together and Push Us Apart |
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297 | (2) |
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The Closer the Better: Revealing Self to Other |
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299 | (5) |
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Stages of Development in Friendship |
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300 | (3) |
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Stages of Development in Romantic Coupling |
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303 | (1) |
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BOX 11.2 Playing the Dating Game: A Social History of Courtship |
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304 | (25) |
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Two Close for Comfort: Relational Maintenance and Dissolution |
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309 | (10) |
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Balancing Self-Identity and Relational Identity |
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309 | (4) |
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Stages of Relationship Dissolution |
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313 | (3) |
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Warning Signs: Gottman's "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" |
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316 | (3) |
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Communicative Competence and Intimate Relations |
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319 | (3) |
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Intimacy and Interpretive Competence |
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319 | (1) |
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Intimacy and Role Competence |
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320 | (1) |
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Intimacy and Self Competence |
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320 | (1) |
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Intimacy and Goal Competence |
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320 | (1) |
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Intimacy and Message Competence |
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320 | (2) |
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Skill Building: Managing Interpersonal Conflict and Stress |
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322 | (3) |
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Positive Aspects of Interpersonal Conflict |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Effective Feedback During Conflict |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (5) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
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12 Professional Relationships: Communicating with Colleagues and Other Strangers |
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329 | (36) |
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Interpersonal Communication in Public Situations |
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330 | (5) |
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330 | (1) |
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Interacting in the Public Realm Today |
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331 | (4) |
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Communication in Our Communities |
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335 | (1) |
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Space and Place: Community Design and Communication |
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335 | (1) |
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Third Places: Connecting with Your Community |
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335 | (1) |
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Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace |
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336 | (14) |
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Sizing Up Organizational Cultures |
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336 | (2) |
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BOX 12.1 The Conversational Organization |
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338 | (12) |
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342 | (4) |
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346 | (2) |
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Drawing the Line on Relationships |
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348 | (1) |
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Managing the Office Romance |
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349 | (1) |
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BOX 12.2 "Sorry, I'm Not Apologizing": Conversational Rituals Between Women and Men at Work |
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350 | (15) |
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Deciphering the Boundaries Between Home, Work, and Community |
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350 | (2) |
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Communicative Competence and Professional Relationships |
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352 | (2) |
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Professional Relationships and Interpretive Competence |
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352 | (1) |
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Professional Relationships and Role Competence |
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352 | (1) |
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Professional Relationships and Self Competence |
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353 | (1) |
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Professional Relationships and Goal Competence |
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353 | (1) |
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Professional Relationships and Message Competence |
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354 | (1) |
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Skill Building: Creative Conflict Management and Negotiation |
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354 | (6) |
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Choosing Your Conflict Style |
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354 | (2) |
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Taking a Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation |
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356 | (2) |
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Rules for Cooperative Problem Solving |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (5) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
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13 Cultural and Historical Influences: Communication Competence in Context |
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365 | (34) |
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365 | (10) |
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366 | (3) |
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American Cultural Patterns |
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369 | (1) |
|
BOX 13.1 When East Meets West: Hidden Differences in Corporate Communication Styles |
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|
370 | (5) |
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Ethnic, Regional, and Class Differences |
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|
372 | (2) |
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Communicating Across Culture |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
BOX 13.2 If You Can't Stand the Shame, Don't Play the Game: Playing the Dozens as a Conflict-Reducing Ritual |
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|
375 | (24) |
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Barriers to Intercultural Understanding |
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|
377 | (4) |
|
Communicative Competence and Culture |
|
|
381 | (3) |
|
Culture and Interpretive Competence |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Culture and Role Competence |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Culture and Goal Competence |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Culture and Self Competence |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Culture and Message Competence |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (8) |
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The Colonial Period (1600-1780) |
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|
385 | (2) |
|
The Early Industrial Period (1830-1880) |
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|
387 | (3) |
|
The Modern Period (1900-1960) |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Communicative Competence and Historical Change |
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|
392 | (2) |
|
History and Interpretive Competence |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
History and Role Competence |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
History and Goal Competence |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
History and Self Competence |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
History and Message Competence |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Skill Building: Increasing Sensitivity to Context |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Adapting to International Differences |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Increasing Subcultural Understanding |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (1) |
| References |
|
399 | (24) |
| Indexes |
|
423 | (10) |
| Illustration Credits |
|
433 | |