Handbook of Applied Solid State Spectroscopy

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-07-20
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $419.99

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Summary

Solid State Spectroscopy is a burgeoning field being applied in many branches of science including physics, chemistry, biosciences, surface science and materials science. The currently available information about various spectroscopic techniques is scattered across various disciplines in the scientific and technical literature not within easy reach of the reader. There is a need to have a comprehensive yet concise volume including major research efforts in various spectroscopic techniques, currently in practice around the world, to become available under one cover. Handbook of Applied Solid State Spectroscopy envisions pertinent aspects of almost all solid state spectroscopic techniques being practiced through NMR, NQR, EPR/ESR, ENDOR, Scanning Tunneling, Acoustic Resonance, FTIR, Auger Electron Emission, X-ray Photoelectron Emission, Luminescence, and Optical Polarization. The book is composed of 16 chapters, each presenting an overview of a particular technique. Each chapter concentrates on up-to-date scientific and technical information and references. Emphasis has been laid on the fundamentals, methods and procedures, applications and the new developments in the field. This handbook brings together leading experts in the field of solid-state spectroscopy. Chapters have been written by well known international experts ensuring that recent advances made by scientists from different parts of the world have been covered.

Table of Contents

Preface v
Contributors xvii
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
1(64)
Eduardo Ribeiro deAzevedo
Tito Jose Bonagamba
Introduction
1(1)
Properties of Nuclear Spins
1(1)
Nuclear Spin Interactions in Solids
2(6)
General Structure of the Internal Hamiltonians
5(1)
Behavior of Internal Hamiltonians under Rotations
6(2)
Quantum Mechanical Calculations
8(5)
Quantum Mechanical Description of NMR
9(4)
The NMR Signal---Zeeman Interaction
13(1)
High Resolution Solid State NMR Methods
13(9)
Dipolar Decoupling
14(1)
Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS)
14(5)
Cross-Polarization (CP)
19(1)
The CP-MAS Experiment
19(1)
NMR Spectra
20(2)
Principles of Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy
22(1)
Molecular Dynamics and Local Molecular Conformation in Solid Materials
23(42)
Lineshape Analysis
23(9)
Two-Dimensional Exchange NMR Experiments
32(13)
One-Dimensional Exchange NMR Experiments
45(8)
Conformation-NMR
53(6)
References
59(6)
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy
65(32)
Bryan H. Suits
Introduction
65(1)
Basic Theory
66(16)
The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Interaction
66(4)
Energy Levels and Transition Frequencies
70(2)
Excitation and Detection
72(5)
The Effect of a Small Static Magnetic Field
77(2)
Linewidths and Relaxation Times
79(3)
Instrumentation
82(7)
CW Spectrometers
83(1)
Pulsed Spectrometers
84(3)
Field Cycling NQR Spectrometers
87(1)
Some Less Common NQR Detection Schemes
88(1)
Interpretation of Coupling Constants
89(4)
Molecular Crystals and Covalently Bonded Groups
90(1)
Ionic Crystals
91(1)
Metals
92(1)
Sternheimer Shielding/Antishielding
92(1)
Summary
93(4)
References
94(2)
Bibliography
96(1)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
97(54)
Sergei A. Dikanov
Antony R. Crofts
Introduction
97(1)
Theoretical Background
98(21)
EPR Condition
98(1)
Continuous Wave-EPR
99(1)
EPR Lineshape: Relaxation Times
99(3)
EPR Spin-Hamiltonian
102(4)
Electron-Nuclear Interactions: Hyperfine Structure
106(5)
Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Line Broadening
111(1)
Pulsed-EPR
111(8)
Experimental
119(4)
Design of CW-EPR Spectrometer
119(2)
Design of Pulsed-EPR Spectrometer
121(1)
Resonators
121(1)
EPR Bands, Multifrequency Experiments
122(1)
Applications of EPR Spectroscopy
123(28)
CW-EPR and Pulsed-EPR in Single Crystals
123(4)
Orientation-Disordered Samples
127(13)
Two-Dimensional ESEEM
140(3)
Measurement of Relaxation Times in CW- and Pulsed-EPR
143(2)
Interaction Between Electron Spins
145(1)
References
146(5)
ENDOR Spectroscopy
151(50)
Lowell D. Kispert
Lidia Piekara-Sady
Introduction
151(5)
Experimental Conditions for ENDOR
156(7)
Sensitivity, Magnetic Field Homogeneity, and Stability
157(1)
Sample Size
158(1)
Introduction of RF Power into Cavity
158(1)
RF Power Level: CW versus Pulsed Schemes
159(1)
Mode of Detection and Modulation Scheme
159(1)
ENDOR Mechanism
159(3)
Extension of ENDOR: Triple Resonance
162(1)
ENDOR in the Solid State
163(14)
Single Crystals
164(3)
Organic Free Radicals
167(2)
Transition Metal Ions
169(4)
Disordered Solids
173(4)
Pulsed ENDOR
177(3)
Applications
180(21)
Organic Radicals in Organic Host Crystals
181(5)
Radicals Trapped in Matrices
186(1)
Triplet-State Radicals in Crystals, Polycrystalline Samples
186(1)
Free Radicals in Biological Systems
187(1)
Polymeric Systems
188(1)
Inorganic Radicals in Irradiated Inorganic Single Crystals
189(1)
Inorganic Paramagnetic Complexes in Organic Single Crystals
189(1)
F and H Centers in Inorganic Host Crystals
189(1)
Paramagnetc Inorganic Ions in Organic Host Crystals
190(1)
Transition Metal Ion Complexes in Frozen Solutions and Powders
190(1)
Defects and Complexes on Surfaces
190(1)
Impurity Centers in Semiconductor Host Crystals
191(1)
Spin Centers in Silicon and Borate Systems
192(1)
Paramagnetic Centers in Cubic Host Crystals
192(1)
Perovskite-Type Materials
192(1)
References
193(8)
Mossbauer Spectroscopy
201(56)
J.M. Cadogan
D.H. Ryan
Introduction
201(11)
Recoilless Processes
201(2)
Doppler Velocity
203(1)
Lineshape
203(1)
Hyperfine Interactions
203(9)
Methodology
212(22)
Drives
214(1)
Detectors
215(3)
Data Collection
218(2)
Calibration
220(2)
Sources
222(3)
Cryostats
225(4)
Emission-Based Techniques
229(5)
Applications
234(20)
Magnetism
234(3)
Magnetic Reorientations
237(2)
Crystal Fields
239(1)
Phase Analysis
239(2)
Amorphous Materials
241(4)
Electronic Relaxation
245(1)
Electronic Valence
245(3)
Industrial Applications
248(6)
Concluding Remarks
254(3)
References
254(3)
Crystal Field Spectroscopy
257(48)
Albert Furrer
Andrew Podlesnyak
Introduction
257(2)
The Crystal Field Interaction
259(9)
Basic Formalism
259(4)
Model Calculations of the Crystal Field Interaction
263(3)
Parametrization of the Crystal Field Interaction
266(1)
Extrapolation Schemes
267(1)
Calculation of Thermodynamic Magnetic Properties
268(1)
Experimental Techniques
268(12)
Introductory Remarks
268(1)
Neutron Spectroscopy
269(7)
Raman Spectroscopy
276(2)
Point-Contact Spectroscopy
278(2)
Determination of Crystal Field Parameters from Experimental Data
280(7)
A Simple Two-Parameter Crystal Field Problem
280(3)
A Complicated Many-Parameter Crystal Field Problem
283(4)
Interactions of Crystal Field Split Ions
287(4)
Introductory Remarks
287(1)
Interaction with Phonons
287(1)
Interaction with Conduction Electrons
288(2)
Magnetic Exchange Interaction
290(1)
Crystal Field Effects Related to High-Temperature Superconductivity
291(9)
Introductory Remarks
291(1)
The Crystal Field as a Local Probe: Evidence for Materials Inhomogeneities
292(5)
Relaxation Phenomena to Probe the Pseudogap
297(3)
Concluding Remarks
300(5)
References
301(4)
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)
305(46)
K.W. Hipps
Introduction
305(2)
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
307(8)
Commercial Instruments
312(1)
Tips
313(2)
Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) of Semiconductors and Metals
315(4)
Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Molecules
319(7)
Practical Considerations Relating to STM-IETS and STM-OMTS
326(19)
STM-Based Orbital-Mediated Tunneling Spectra and Electrochemistry
328(4)
STM-Based OMTS and Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy
332(5)
OMTS as a Chemical Analysis Tool: Direct Spectral Characterization
337(5)
OMTS as a Chemical Analysis Tool: Bias-Dependent Imaging
342(1)
OMTS as a Submolecular Electron Transport Mapping Tool
343(2)
Some Concluding Points
345(6)
References
346(5)
Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy
351(60)
Farhang Honarvar
Esmaeil Enjilela
Introduction
351(1)
Scattering of Waves
352(4)
Physics of Acoustic Resonance Scattering
352(2)
Acoustic Wave Scattering from Elastic Targets
354(2)
Mathematical Models
356(15)
Resonance Scattering Theory (RST)
368(3)
Method of Isolation and Identification of Resonances (MIIR)
371(6)
Introduction
371(1)
Quasi-Harmonic MIIR
371(4)
Short-Pulse MIIR
375(2)
Experimental and Numerical Results
377(34)
Introduction
377(1)
Characterization of Target Shape by RAS
377(4)
Material Characterization by Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy (MCRAS)
381(4)
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) of Clad Rods by RAS
385(1)
Nondestructive Evaluation of Epon-815 Clad Steel Rod by RAS
386(2)
Characterization of Cladding Delamination
388(2)
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) of Explosively Welded Clad Rods by RAS
390(5)
Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Rods
395(4)
Nondestructive Evaluation of Continuously Cast Rods by RAS
399(8)
References
407(4)
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
411(40)
Neena Jaggi
D.R. Vij
Introduction
411(2)
Historical Background
413(3)
FT-IR Spectroscopy
416(20)
Basic Integral Equation
417(2)
Experimental Setup
419(2)
Advantages
421(6)
Other Aspects
427(9)
Applications
436(15)
Atmospheric Pollution
438(2)
Study of Planetary Atmosphere
440(3)
Surface Studies
443(1)
Characterization of Optical Fibers
444(1)
Vibrational Analysis of Molecules
444(1)
Study of Biological Molecules
445(1)
Study of Polymers
446(1)
References
447(4)
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
451(34)
Richard P. Gunawardane
Christopher R. Arumainayagam
Introduction
451(3)
Historical Perspective
454(1)
Basic Principles of AES
454(5)
X-Ray Notation
454(1)
Auger Transitions
455(2)
Kinetic Energies of Auger Electrons
457(2)
Instrumentation
459(6)
Electron Optical Column
459(2)
Ion Optical Column
461(1)
Electron Energy Analyzers
462(2)
Electron Detector
464(1)
Computer Control and Data Display Systems
464(1)
Experimental Procedures Including Sample Preparation
465(1)
Sample
465(1)
Beam Effects and Surface Damage
465(1)
AES Modifications and Combinations with Other Techniques
466(1)
Auger Spectra: Direct and Derivative Forms
466(2)
Applications
468(11)
Qualitative Analysis
468(1)
Quantitative Analysis
468(4)
Chemical Information
472(1)
Auger Depth Profiling
473(3)
Auger Images and Linescans
476(1)
Research and Industry
477(2)
Recent Advances
479(2)
Positron-Annihilation-Induced AES
480(1)
Auger Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy
480(1)
Conclusions
481(4)
References
481(4)
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
485(24)
Hsiao-Lu Lee
Nolan T. Flynn
Introduction and Basic Theory
485(1)
Historical Perspective
486(1)
Instrumentation
486(6)
Vacuum System
487(2)
X-Ray Source
489(3)
Electron Energy Analyzer
492(1)
Sample Selection and Preparation
492(4)
Sample Charging
493(2)
X-Ray Beam Effects
495(1)
Spectral Analysis
496(6)
Core Level Splitting
498(2)
Linewidths
500(1)
Elemental Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative
500(1)
Secondary Structure
501(1)
XPS Imaging
502(2)
Angle-Resolved XPS
504(1)
Recent Advances and Applications
504(2)
Conclusions
506(3)
References
506(3)
Luminescence Spectroscopy
509(68)
Baldassare Di Bartolo
John Collins
Introduction
509(2)
Basic Concepts
509(1)
History
510(1)
Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, and Induced Emission
511(8)
Classical Bound, Radiating Electron
511(2)
Quantum Mechanical Radiative Decay
513(3)
Absorption and Emission
516(2)
Absorption Coefficient and Absorption Cross-Section
518(1)
Measurements and Techniques
519(4)
Absorption Spectra
519(2)
Luminescence Spectra
521(1)
Excitation Spectra
522(1)
Responses to Pulsed Excitation
522(1)
Localized Systems
523(16)
Introduction
523(1)
The Hamiltonian of an Ion in a Solid
524(1)
Rare Earth Ions in Solids
524(4)
Transition Metal Ions in Solids
528(7)
Color Centers in Solids
535(4)
Processes in Localized System Service
539(12)
Introduction
539(1)
Radiative Decay
540(2)
Multiphonon Decay
542(3)
Vibronic Transitions
545(2)
Energy Transfer
547(1)
Upconversion
548(1)
Line Broadening and Shifting with Temperature
549(2)
Delocalized Systems
551(9)
Density of One-Electron States and Fermi Probability Distribution
551(1)
Classification of Crystalline Solids
552(2)
Intrinsic Semiconductors
554(2)
Doped Semiconductors
556(1)
Model for a Doped Semiconductor
557(3)
Processes in Delocalized Systems
560(11)
Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors
560(1)
Excitation in Insulators and Large Band Gap Semiconductors
561(1)
Radiative Transitions in Pure Semiconductors
562(2)
Doped Semiconductors
564(1)
Radiative Transitions Across the Band Gap
565(1)
Non-Radiative Processes
566(1)
p-n Junctions
567(4)
Direction of Future Efforts
571(6)
Why Luminescence?
571(1)
Challenges and Future Work
571(3)
References
574(1)
Bibliography
575(2)
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
577(18)
G. Geipel
Introduction
577(1)
Experimental Setup
578(1)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Minerals
579(5)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Surface Species and in Solid Phases
584(2)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Frozen Samples
586(3)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Non-Actinide Solid Matrices
589(2)
Outlook
591(4)
References
591(4)
Soft X-Ray Emission and Resonant Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy
595(66)
E.J. Nordgren
S.M. Butorin
L.C. Duda
J.-H. Guo
Introduction
595(2)
Properties of X-Ray Spectra
597(5)
Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering
602(3)
Experimental Techniques
605(4)
Grating Spectrometers for Soft X-Ray Emission
605(3)
Samples at Ambient Conditions
608(1)
Applications
609(45)
Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films
609(6)
Nano Structures
615(4)
Transition Metal Systems
619(35)
Summary
654(7)
References
654(7)
Laser Raman Spectroscopy
661(28)
Alfons Schulte
Yu Guo
Introduction
661(2)
Spontaneous Raman Scattering
663(3)
Experimental Approaches
666(4)
Applications
670(15)
Glasses for Raman Gain
671(2)
Chalcogenide Glasses
673(2)
Chalcogenide Thin Films---Waveguide Raman
675(2)
High-Pressure Raman Spectroscopy of Proteins
677(3)
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
680(5)
Conclusions and Outlook
685(4)
References
685(4)
Polarization Spectroscopy of Ordered Samples
689(37)
Peter W. Thulstrup
Erik W. Thulstrup
Introduction
689(7)
Linearly Polarized Light
689(1)
Transition Moment Directions
690(4)
Spectroscopy with Linearly Polarized Light
694(2)
Occurrence, Production, and Optical Properties of Aligned Solid Samples
696(3)
Perfectly and Partially Aligned Samples
696(1)
Solutes in Partially Aligning Solvents
697(2)
One-Photon Spectroscopy: Linear Dichroism
699(22)
Optical Spectroscopy with Linearly Polarized Light: Experimental Needs
699(1)
Mathematical Descriptions of Aligned, Uniaxial Samples
700(2)
LD Spectra of Aligned, Uniaxial Samples
702(2)
Transition Moment Directions and Reduced Spectra: Symmetrical Molecules
704(11)
Transition Moment Directions: Molecules of Lower Symmetry
715(5)
Non-Uniaxial Samples
720(1)
Two-Photon Spectroscopy
721(5)
Conclusions
726(1)
References
726

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