| Preface |
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v | |
| Contributors |
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xvii | |
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
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1 | (64) |
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Eduardo Ribeiro deAzevedo |
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1 | (1) |
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Properties of Nuclear Spins |
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1 | (1) |
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Nuclear Spin Interactions in Solids |
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2 | (6) |
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General Structure of the Internal Hamiltonians |
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5 | (1) |
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Behavior of Internal Hamiltonians under Rotations |
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6 | (2) |
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Quantum Mechanical Calculations |
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8 | (5) |
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Quantum Mechanical Description of NMR |
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9 | (4) |
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The NMR Signal---Zeeman Interaction |
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13 | (1) |
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High Resolution Solid State NMR Methods |
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13 | (9) |
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14 | (1) |
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Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) |
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14 | (5) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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Principles of Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy |
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22 | (1) |
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Molecular Dynamics and Local Molecular Conformation in Solid Materials |
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23 | (42) |
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23 | (9) |
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Two-Dimensional Exchange NMR Experiments |
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32 | (13) |
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One-Dimensional Exchange NMR Experiments |
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45 | (8) |
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53 | (6) |
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59 | (6) |
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Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy |
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65 | (32) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (16) |
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The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Interaction |
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66 | (4) |
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Energy Levels and Transition Frequencies |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (5) |
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The Effect of a Small Static Magnetic Field |
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77 | (2) |
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Linewidths and Relaxation Times |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (7) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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Field Cycling NQR Spectrometers |
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87 | (1) |
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Some Less Common NQR Detection Schemes |
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88 | (1) |
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Interpretation of Coupling Constants |
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89 | (4) |
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Molecular Crystals and Covalently Bonded Groups |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Sternheimer Shielding/Antishielding |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
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97 | (54) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (21) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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EPR Lineshape: Relaxation Times |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (4) |
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Electron-Nuclear Interactions: Hyperfine Structure |
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106 | (5) |
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Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Line Broadening |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (8) |
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119 | (4) |
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Design of CW-EPR Spectrometer |
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119 | (2) |
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Design of Pulsed-EPR Spectrometer |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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EPR Bands, Multifrequency Experiments |
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122 | (1) |
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Applications of EPR Spectroscopy |
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123 | (28) |
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CW-EPR and Pulsed-EPR in Single Crystals |
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123 | (4) |
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Orientation-Disordered Samples |
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127 | (13) |
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140 | (3) |
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Measurement of Relaxation Times in CW- and Pulsed-EPR |
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143 | (2) |
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Interaction Between Electron Spins |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (5) |
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151 | (50) |
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151 | (5) |
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Experimental Conditions for ENDOR |
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156 | (7) |
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Sensitivity, Magnetic Field Homogeneity, and Stability |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Introduction of RF Power into Cavity |
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158 | (1) |
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RF Power Level: CW versus Pulsed Schemes |
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159 | (1) |
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Mode of Detection and Modulation Scheme |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (3) |
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Extension of ENDOR: Triple Resonance |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (14) |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (4) |
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173 | (4) |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (21) |
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Organic Radicals in Organic Host Crystals |
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181 | (5) |
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Radicals Trapped in Matrices |
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186 | (1) |
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Triplet-State Radicals in Crystals, Polycrystalline Samples |
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186 | (1) |
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Free Radicals in Biological Systems |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Inorganic Radicals in Irradiated Inorganic Single Crystals |
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189 | (1) |
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Inorganic Paramagnetic Complexes in Organic Single Crystals |
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189 | (1) |
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F and H Centers in Inorganic Host Crystals |
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189 | (1) |
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Paramagnetc Inorganic Ions in Organic Host Crystals |
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190 | (1) |
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Transition Metal Ion Complexes in Frozen Solutions and Powders |
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190 | (1) |
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Defects and Complexes on Surfaces |
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190 | (1) |
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Impurity Centers in Semiconductor Host Crystals |
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191 | (1) |
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Spin Centers in Silicon and Borate Systems |
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192 | (1) |
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Paramagnetic Centers in Cubic Host Crystals |
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192 | (1) |
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Perovskite-Type Materials |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (8) |
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201 | (56) |
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201 | (11) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (9) |
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212 | (22) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (4) |
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Emission-Based Techniques |
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229 | (5) |
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234 | (20) |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (4) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (6) |
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254 | (3) |
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254 | (3) |
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Crystal Field Spectroscopy |
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257 | (48) |
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257 | (2) |
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The Crystal Field Interaction |
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259 | (9) |
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259 | (4) |
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Model Calculations of the Crystal Field Interaction |
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263 | (3) |
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Parametrization of the Crystal Field Interaction |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Calculation of Thermodynamic Magnetic Properties |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (12) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (7) |
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276 | (2) |
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Point-Contact Spectroscopy |
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278 | (2) |
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Determination of Crystal Field Parameters from Experimental Data |
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280 | (7) |
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A Simple Two-Parameter Crystal Field Problem |
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280 | (3) |
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A Complicated Many-Parameter Crystal Field Problem |
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283 | (4) |
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Interactions of Crystal Field Split Ions |
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287 | (4) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Interaction with Conduction Electrons |
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288 | (2) |
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Magnetic Exchange Interaction |
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290 | (1) |
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Crystal Field Effects Related to High-Temperature Superconductivity |
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291 | (9) |
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291 | (1) |
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The Crystal Field as a Local Probe: Evidence for Materials Inhomogeneities |
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292 | (5) |
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Relaxation Phenomena to Probe the Pseudogap |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (5) |
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301 | (4) |
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Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) |
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305 | (46) |
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305 | (2) |
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The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) |
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307 | (8) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) of Semiconductors and Metals |
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315 | (4) |
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Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Molecules |
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319 | (7) |
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Practical Considerations Relating to STM-IETS and STM-OMTS |
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326 | (19) |
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STM-Based Orbital-Mediated Tunneling Spectra and Electrochemistry |
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328 | (4) |
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STM-Based OMTS and Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy |
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332 | (5) |
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OMTS as a Chemical Analysis Tool: Direct Spectral Characterization |
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337 | (5) |
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OMTS as a Chemical Analysis Tool: Bias-Dependent Imaging |
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342 | (1) |
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OMTS as a Submolecular Electron Transport Mapping Tool |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (6) |
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346 | (5) |
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Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy |
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351 | (60) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (4) |
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Physics of Acoustic Resonance Scattering |
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352 | (2) |
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Acoustic Wave Scattering from Elastic Targets |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (15) |
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Resonance Scattering Theory (RST) |
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368 | (3) |
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Method of Isolation and Identification of Resonances (MIIR) |
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371 | (6) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (4) |
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375 | (2) |
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Experimental and Numerical Results |
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377 | (34) |
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377 | (1) |
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Characterization of Target Shape by RAS |
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377 | (4) |
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Material Characterization by Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy (MCRAS) |
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381 | (4) |
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Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) of Clad Rods by RAS |
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385 | (1) |
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Epon-815 Clad Steel Rod by RAS |
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386 | (2) |
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Characterization of Cladding Delamination |
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388 | (2) |
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Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) of Explosively Welded Clad Rods by RAS |
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390 | (5) |
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Rods |
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395 | (4) |
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Continuously Cast Rods by RAS |
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399 | (8) |
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407 | (4) |
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
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411 | (40) |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (3) |
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416 | (20) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (6) |
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427 | (9) |
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436 | (15) |
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438 | (2) |
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Study of Planetary Atmosphere |
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440 | (3) |
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443 | (1) |
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Characterization of Optical Fibers |
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444 | (1) |
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Vibrational Analysis of Molecules |
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444 | (1) |
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Study of Biological Molecules |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (4) |
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Auger Electron Spectroscopy |
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451 | (34) |
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Christopher R. Arumainayagam |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (5) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (2) |
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Kinetic Energies of Auger Electrons |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (6) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (1) |
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Electron Energy Analyzers |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (1) |
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Computer Control and Data Display Systems |
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464 | (1) |
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Experimental Procedures Including Sample Preparation |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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Beam Effects and Surface Damage |
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465 | (1) |
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AES Modifications and Combinations with Other Techniques |
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466 | (1) |
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Auger Spectra: Direct and Derivative Forms |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (11) |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (4) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (3) |
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Auger Images and Linescans |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (2) |
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Positron-Annihilation-Induced AES |
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480 | (1) |
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Auger Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (4) |
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481 | (4) |
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X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
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485 | (24) |
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Introduction and Basic Theory |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (6) |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (3) |
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492 | (1) |
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Sample Selection and Preparation |
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492 | (4) |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (6) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (1) |
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Elemental Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (2) |
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504 | (1) |
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Recent Advances and Applications |
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504 | (2) |
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506 | (3) |
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506 | (3) |
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Luminescence Spectroscopy |
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509 | (68) |
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509 | (2) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, and Induced Emission |
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511 | (8) |
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Classical Bound, Radiating Electron |
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511 | (2) |
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Quantum Mechanical Radiative Decay |
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513 | (3) |
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516 | (2) |
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Absorption Coefficient and Absorption Cross-Section |
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518 | (1) |
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Measurements and Techniques |
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519 | (4) |
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519 | (2) |
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521 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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Responses to Pulsed Excitation |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (16) |
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523 | (1) |
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The Hamiltonian of an Ion in a Solid |
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524 | (1) |
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Rare Earth Ions in Solids |
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524 | (4) |
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Transition Metal Ions in Solids |
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528 | (7) |
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535 | (4) |
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Processes in Localized System Service |
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539 | (12) |
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539 | (1) |
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540 | (2) |
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542 | (3) |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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Line Broadening and Shifting with Temperature |
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549 | (2) |
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551 | (9) |
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Density of One-Electron States and Fermi Probability Distribution |
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551 | (1) |
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Classification of Crystalline Solids |
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552 | (2) |
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554 | (2) |
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556 | (1) |
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Model for a Doped Semiconductor |
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557 | (3) |
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Processes in Delocalized Systems |
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560 | (11) |
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Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors |
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560 | (1) |
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Excitation in Insulators and Large Band Gap Semiconductors |
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561 | (1) |
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Radiative Transitions in Pure Semiconductors |
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562 | (2) |
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564 | (1) |
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Radiative Transitions Across the Band Gap |
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565 | (1) |
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566 | (1) |
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567 | (4) |
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Direction of Future Efforts |
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571 | (6) |
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571 | (1) |
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Challenges and Future Work |
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571 | (3) |
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574 | (1) |
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575 | (2) |
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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
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577 | (18) |
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577 | (1) |
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578 | (1) |
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Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Minerals |
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579 | (5) |
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Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Surface Species and in Solid Phases |
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584 | (2) |
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Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Frozen Samples |
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586 | (3) |
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Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Non-Actinide Solid Matrices |
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589 | (2) |
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591 | (4) |
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591 | (4) |
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Soft X-Ray Emission and Resonant Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy |
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595 | (66) |
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595 | (2) |
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Properties of X-Ray Spectra |
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597 | (5) |
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Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering |
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602 | (3) |
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605 | (4) |
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Grating Spectrometers for Soft X-Ray Emission |
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605 | (3) |
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Samples at Ambient Conditions |
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608 | (1) |
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609 | (45) |
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Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films |
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609 | (6) |
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615 | (4) |
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619 | (35) |
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654 | (7) |
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654 | (7) |
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661 | (28) |
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661 | (2) |
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Spontaneous Raman Scattering |
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663 | (3) |
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666 | (4) |
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670 | (15) |
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671 | (2) |
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673 | (2) |
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Chalcogenide Thin Films---Waveguide Raman |
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675 | (2) |
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High-Pressure Raman Spectroscopy of Proteins |
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677 | (3) |
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680 | (5) |
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685 | (4) |
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685 | (4) |
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Polarization Spectroscopy of Ordered Samples |
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689 | (37) |
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689 | (7) |
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689 | (1) |
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Transition Moment Directions |
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690 | (4) |
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Spectroscopy with Linearly Polarized Light |
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694 | (2) |
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Occurrence, Production, and Optical Properties of Aligned Solid Samples |
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696 | (3) |
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Perfectly and Partially Aligned Samples |
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696 | (1) |
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Solutes in Partially Aligning Solvents |
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697 | (2) |
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One-Photon Spectroscopy: Linear Dichroism |
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699 | (22) |
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Optical Spectroscopy with Linearly Polarized Light: Experimental Needs |
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699 | (1) |
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Mathematical Descriptions of Aligned, Uniaxial Samples |
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700 | (2) |
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LD Spectra of Aligned, Uniaxial Samples |
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702 | (2) |
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Transition Moment Directions and Reduced Spectra: Symmetrical Molecules |
|
|
704 | (11) |
|
Transition Moment Directions: Molecules of Lower Symmetry |
|
|
715 | (5) |
|
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
|
721 | (5) |
|
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
726 | |