Food Safety Fundamentals : Essentials of Food Safety and Sanitation

by ; ; ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2004-01-01
Publisher(s): Prentice Hall
List Price: $46.62

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Summary

If you work with food or manage those who do, you know the importance of providing safe food for your customers, guests, or staff. This new, full color guide contains the "must know" information about food safety and sanitation in the food service industry. Geared to the industry supervisor and based on the 2001 FDA Food Code, this book is designed to give you the key concepts and details you need to ensure food safety. Use it as an on-the-job reference every day! Quick and Easy to Read! Food Safety Fundamentals is filled with many special features that make it easier to learn and remember the food safety details, including: bull; bull;Color illustrations and photos bull;Icons used throughout the book to signal methods of preventing foodborne illness bull;How-to procedures, flowcharts, and checklists bull;Quick reference chapter summaries bull;End of chapter questions bull;Quick reference charts Prepare for National Certification Use Food Safety Fundamentals to assist you in preparing for one of the nationally certified exams for food safety and sanitation. You'll find all the information you'll need! Remember, there's never been a case of foodborne illness that couldn't have been prevented!

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Control Point Icons xx
Acknowledgments xxi
Food Safety and Sanitation Management
2(18)
Learn How To
2(2)
New Challenges Present New Opportunities
4(1)
Food Safety--Why All the Fuss?
5(1)
Why Me?
5(1)
Changing Trends in Food Consumption and Choices
6(1)
The Problem: Foodborne Illness
7(2)
Contamination
8(1)
Microorganisms (Germs or Microbes)
9(1)
The Food Flow
9(1)
A New Approach to an Old Problem
10(1)
Facility Planning and Design
11(1)
Keeping It Clean and Sanitary
11(1)
Accident Prevention and Crisis Management
12(1)
Education and Training Are Key to Food Safety
13(1)
The Role of Government in Food Safety
13(1)
The FDA Food Code
14(1)
The Role of the Food Industry in Food Safety
14(1)
Food Protection Manager Certification
15(1)
Check It Out
16(2)
Quiz 1 (Multiple Choice)
18(1)
References/Suggested Readings
19(1)
Hazards to Food Safety
20(42)
Learn How To
20(2)
Foodborne Illness
22(2)
Foodborne Hazards
24(4)
Bacteria
25(2)
Spoilage and Disease-Causing Bacteria
27(1)
Bacterial Growth
27(1)
What Disease-Causing Bacteria Need in Order to Multiply
28(5)
Food
30(1)
Acidity
30(1)
Temperature
31(1)
Time
31(1)
Oxygen
32(1)
Moisture
32(1)
Potentially Hazardous Foods (PHF)
33(1)
Ready-to-Eat Foods
34(1)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Bacteria
35(11)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Sporeforming Bacteria
35(2)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Non-Sporeforming Bacteria
37(1)
Sporeforming Bacteria
37(3)
Non-Sporeforming Bacteria
40(6)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Viruses
46(2)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Parasites
48(4)
Problems Caused by Fungi
52(1)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Chemicals
53(4)
Naturally Occurring Chemicals
53(1)
Food Allergens
53(4)
Added Man-Made Chemicals
57(1)
Foodborne Illness Caused by Physical Hazards
57(2)
Problems in Other Countries Related to Food
58(1)
Check It Out
59(1)
Quiz 2 (Multiple Choice)
60(1)
References/Suggested Readings
61(1)
Factors That Affect Foodborne Illness
62(28)
Learn How To
62(3)
Factors That Contribute to Foodborne Illness
65(1)
What Is Time and Temperature Abuse?
65(7)
How to Measure Food Temperatures
67(3)
When and How to Calibrate a Thermometer
70(1)
Measuring Food Temperature
70(2)
Preventing Temperature Abuse
72(3)
Keep Cold Foods Cold and Hot Foods Hot!
75(2)
Ways to Thaw Food
76(1)
The Importance of Handwashing and Good Personal Hygiene
77(6)
Using Disposable Gloves
80(1)
Personal Habits
81(1)
Outer Clothing and Apparel
82(1)
Personal Health
82(1)
Cross Contamination
83(2)
Other Sources of Contamination
85(1)
Make Sure the Work Area Is Clean and Sanitary
86(1)
Check It Out
87(1)
Quiz 3
88(1)
References/Suggested Readings
89(1)
Following the Food Product Flow
90(44)
Learn How To
90(2)
Buying from Approved Sources
92(1)
Inspecting Delivery Vehicles
92(1)
Determining Food Quality
93(1)
Measuring Temperatures at Receiving and Storage
93(1)
Following the Flow of Food
94(38)
Receiving
94(1)
Packaged Foods
95(1)
Reduced Oxygen Packaging (ROP)
96(5)
Red Meat Products
101(1)
Poultry
102(1)
Game Animals
103(1)
Eggs
103(1)
Fluid Milk and Milk Products
104(1)
Fluid Milk
105(1)
Cheese
105(1)
Butter
105(1)
Fish
105(3)
Fruits and Vegatables
108(1)
Juice
109(1)
Frozen Foods
109(1)
Storage of Food
110(1)
Types of Storage
111(2)
Dry Storage
113(1)
Chemical Storage
114(1)
Storage Conditions for Foods
115(2)
Preparation and Service
117(1)
Ingredient Substitution
118(1)
Avoiding Temperature Abuse
118(1)
Thawing
118(1)
Cold Storage
119(2)
Frozen, Ready-to-Eat Foods
121(1)
Prepackaged Foods
121(1)
Cooking
122(1)
Cooling
123(2)
Hot-Holding and Reheating
125(1)
Serving Safe Food
126(1)
Discarding or Reconditioning Food
127(1)
Refilling Returnable Containers
127(1)
Self-Service Bar
128(1)
Rules for Self-Service Bars:
128(1)
Temporary Facilities and Mobile Food Facilities
128(2)
Vending Machines
130(1)
Home Meal Replacement
131(1)
Check It Out
132(1)
Quiz 4 (Multiple Choice)
132(1)
References/Suggested Readings
133(1)
The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System
134(24)
Learn How To
134(2)
The Problem
136(2)
The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System
137(1)
The HACCP System
138(1)
The Seven Principles in an HACCP System
139(14)
Principle 1---Hazard Analysis
139(1)
Biological Hazards
140(1)
Chemical Hazards
140(1)
Physical Hazards
140(2)
Principle 2---Identify Critical Control Points (CCPs)
142(3)
Principle 3---Establish the Critical Limits Which Must Be Met at Each Critical Control Point
145(5)
Principle 4---Establish Procedures to Monitor CCPs
150(1)
Principle 5---Establish the Corrective Action to Be Taken When Monitoring Shows a Critical Limit Has Been Exceeded
151(1)
Principle 6---Establish Procedures to Verify the HACCP System Is Working
151(1)
Principle 7---Establish an Effective Record-Keeping System That Documents the HACCP System
151(2)
Education and Training
153(1)
Roles and Responsibilities under HACCP
154(1)
Summary
154(1)
Quiz 5 (Multiple Choice)
155(2)
References/Suggested Readings
157(1)
Facilities, Equipment, and Utensils
158(26)
Learn How To
158(2)
Design, Layout, and Facilities
160(1)
Regulatory Considerations
161(1)
Work Center Planning
161(1)
Equipment Selection
162(3)
Size and Design
162(1)
Construction Materials
163(1)
Metals
164(1)
Stainless Steel
164(1)
Plastic
164(1)
Wood
165(1)
Types of Equipment
165(11)
Cooking Equipment
166(1)
Ovens
166(1)
Refrigeration and Low-Temperature Storage Equipment
167(2)
Reach-In Refrigeration
169(1)
Cook-Chill and Rapid-Chill Systems
170(1)
Hot-Holding Equipment
171(1)
Other Types of Food Equipment
171(1)
Slicers
171(1)
Mixers, Grinders, and Choppers
172(1)
Ice Machines
172(1)
Single-Service and Single-Use Articles
173(1)
Dishwashing Equipment
174(1)
Manual Dishwashing
174(1)
Mechanical Dishwashing
175(1)
Installation
176(1)
Maintenance and Replacement
177(1)
Lighting
177(2)
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
179(1)
Check It Out
180(2)
Quiz 6 (Multiple Choice)
182(1)
References/Suggested Readings
183(1)
Cleaning and Sanitizing Operations
184(32)
Learn How To
184(2)
Principles of Cleaning and Sanitizing
186(1)
Removal of Food Particles
187(1)
Application of Cleaning Agents
187(1)
Soaking
188(1)
Spray Methods
188(1)
Clean-in-Place Systems
188(1)
Abrasive Cleaning
188(1)
Rinsing
188(2)
Detergents and Cleaners to Be Used
190(4)
Cleaning Frequency
192(2)
Sanitizing Principles
194(18)
Heat Sanitizing
195(1)
Chemical Sanitizing
196(2)
Factors That Affect the Action of Chemical Sanitizers
198(1)
Chlorine
198(1)
Iodine
199(1)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
199(2)
Mechanical Dishwashing
201(1)
Mechanical Dishwashing Process
201(2)
Manual Dishwashing
203(2)
Cleaning Fixed Equipment
205(3)
Cleaning Environmental Areas
208(1)
Ceilings and Walls
209(1)
Floors
209(1)
Equipment and Supplies Used for Cleaning
210(2)
Check It Out
212(1)
Quiz 7 (Multiple Choice)
213(2)
References/Suggested Readings
215(1)
Environmental Sanitation and Maintenance
216(26)
Learn How To
216(2)
Condition of the Establishment
218(2)
Proper Water Supply and Sewage Disposal System
219(1)
Condition of Building
220(4)
Floors, Walls, and Ceilings
220(1)
Floors
221(1)
Walls and Ceilings
222(1)
Restroom Sanitation
222(1)
Handwashing Facilities
223(1)
Plumbing Hazards in Food Establishments
224(5)
Cross Connections
225(1)
Backflow
225(1)
Methods and Devices to Prevent Backflow
225(2)
Backflow Prevention Devices on Carbonators
227(1)
Grease Traps
228(1)
Garbage and Refuse Sanitation
229(2)
Inside Storage
229(1)
Outside Storage
230(1)
Pest Control
231(7)
Insects
231(3)
Rodents
234(1)
Signs of Rodent Infestation
235(1)
Rodent Control
236(2)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
238(1)
Check It Out
238(2)
Quiz 8 (Multiple Choice)
240(1)
Suggested Reading/References
241(1)
Accident Prevention and Crisis Management
242(20)
Learn How To
242(2)
Safety in Food Establishments
244(10)
What to Do if an Accident Occurs
246(1)
Common Types of Injuries
247(2)
Burns
249(1)
Poisoning
249(1)
Body Mechanics Classes
249(1)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and First Aid for Choking
250(2)
Employee Medications
252(1)
Self-Inspection Safety Checks
252(1)
Fire Safety
252(1)
Fire Extinguishers
253(1)
Hood Systems
254(1)
Sprinkler Systems
254(1)
Crisis Management
254(3)
Water Supply Emergency Procedures
255(1)
Bioterrorism
256(1)
Foodborne Illness Incident or Outbreak
257(2)
Check the Product Source
258(1)
Formal Investigations
258(1)
Check It Out
259(1)
Quiz 9 (Multiple Choice)
260(1)
Reference/Suggested Readings
261(1)
Education and Training
262(12)
Learn How To
262(2)
Learners Today Influence Training
264(1)
Current Information and Technical Challenges
265(1)
Training Is Important
266(1)
Training Benefits and Barriers
266(1)
Create a Plan for Training
266(1)
What Do Your Trainees Need to Know?
267(1)
Standard Operating Procedures---Federal, State, and Local Rules and Regulations
268(1)
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System
268(1)
Set the Stage for Training
269(1)
Conduct the Training
269(1)
Measuring Performance Against the Standards
270(1)
Check It Out
271(1)
Quiz 10 (Multiple Choice)
272(1)
References/Suggested Readings
273(1)
Food Safety Regulations
274(16)
Learn How To
274(2)
State and Local Regulations
276(2)
Permit to Operate
276(2)
Federal Agencies
278(3)
Other National Food Safety Related Organizations
280(1)
Inspection for Wholesomeness, Grading, and Generally Recognized As Safe
281(1)
Food Recall
282(1)
Food Labeling
283(2)
Nutrition and Ingredient Labeling
283(1)
Safe Food-Handling Label
283(1)
Product Dating Labels
284(1)
Recent Initiatives in Food Safety
285(2)
National Food Safety Initiative
285(1)
The Fight BAC!™ Campaign
285(1)
Consumer Advisory
286(1)
Check It Out
287(1)
Quiz 11 (Multiple Choice)
287(1)
References/Suggested Reading
288(2)
Glossary 290(9)
Appendix A---Answers to End of Chapter Questions 299(2)
Appendix B---Suggested Web Sites 301(4)
Appendix C---Summary of Agents That Cause Foodborne Illness 305(4)
Appendix D---Employee Health -- Disease or Medical Condition Reportable Conditions and Activities 309(4)
Appendix E---Conversion Table for Fahrenheit and Celsius for Common Temperatures Used in Food Establishments 313(2)
Appendix F---Specific Elements of Knowledge Every Food Protection Manager Should Know 315(6)
Index 321

Excerpts

Food safety and sanitation are very important issues for the success of the food industry. Customers expect to be served or sold safe and wholesome food, and a foodborne disease outbreak can ruin your business. Food can be contaminated at several points along the flow of food from production to consumption. It can be contaminated where it was produced or at food processing plants. It can also be contaminated while being transported and during final preparation at food establishments. Foods can also become contaminated by consumers in their homes. Food establishments provide a last line of defense in controlling or eliminating the hazards that cause foodborne illness. Food establishments must handle foods and food ingredients safely and prepare food in a manner that reduces the risk of contaminated food being served or sold to your customers. Effective food safety programs require managers, supervisors and people in charge who are knowledgeable about the hazards associated with contaminated food. The person in charge must be committed to implementing safe food handling practices in their establishment. Food safety also requires trained workers who understand proper hygiene and food handling practices and who will not take short cuts when it comes to food safety. Many resources are available for this type of training. However, the authors wanted to create a book that provides "need to know" food safety information for food managers. This book is based on the Food and Drug Administration's 2001 Food Code. It has been created to meet the training needs of restaurants, catering companies, health care facilities, schools, corrections facilities, vending companies and other types of food establishments. The Essentials materials have been proven effective for teaching food safety and sanitation to many different audiences. The authors recommend the Supervisor's Guide and supplemental training materials for all of the following training activities: Short courses for food establishment managers to take in preparation for a national food protection manager certification examination, Food safety and sanitation courses in vocational and culinary arts programs, As a self-study program for food establishment managers who are preparing to take a national food protection manager certification examination. One of the most important tasks you face as the person in charge is to train and supervise food workers. Your knowledge of food safety is useless if you do not teach employees the correct way to handle food. You must always be on the lookout for situations where approved food handling practices are not being followed. Violation of approved food safety guidelines and practices can endanger food safety and cause embarrassment, loss of reputation, and financial harm for your establishment. A growing number of regulatory agencies require the person in charge of a food establishment to demonstrate knowledge in food safety. This typically requires the individual to pass a written examination to demonstrate knowledge of food safety and sanitation principles and practices. Some jurisdictions require the candidate to complete a food safety course before taking the examination. There is growing support for a nationally recognized examination and credential for food protection managers. The Conference for Food Protection (CFP) recognizes food protection manager examinations from the following providers: National Registry of Food Safety Professionals Experior Assessment Dietary Managers' Association Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association You may contact the CFP at www.foodprotect.org to get more information about the test recognition process and the providers who have forms of their examination recognized by the Conference. The team of McSwane, Rue, an

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