Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, Second Edition

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Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-09-22
Publisher(s): CRC Press
List Price: $119.65

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Summary

A comprehensive and accessible textbook, Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, Second Edition presents an integrated approach to understanding the principles underlying food packaging and their applications. Integrating concepts from chemistry, microbiology, and engineering, it continues in the fine tradition of its bestselling predecessor - and has been completely updated to include new, updated, and expanded content. The author divides the book's subject matter into five parts for ease-of-use. The first part addresses the manufacture, properties, and forms of packaging materials, placing emphasis on those properties that influence the quality and shelf life of food. The second part then details the various types of deteriorative reactions that foods undergo, examines the extrinsic factors controlling their reaction rates, and discusses specific factors influencing shelf life and the methodology used to estimate that shelf life. Chapters on the aseptic packaging of foods, active and intelligent packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, and microwavable food packaging are explored in the third part, while the fourth part describes packaging requirements of the major food groups. The final section examines the safety and legislative aspects of food packaging. The book also includes over 300 industry abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols, and an expansive index. What's New in the Second Edition: Includes five new chapters and diagrams that explain recent developments in packaging materials and processes Provides the latest information on new and active packaging technologies Presents new, updated, and expanded references Adhering to the highly organized format that made the first edition so straightforward and informative, this latest edition of Food Packaging: Principles and Practice presents students with the most essential and cutting-edge information available. The author maintains a website with more information.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Food Packaging
1(8)
Historical
1(1)
Definitions
2(1)
Functions of Packaging
2(3)
Containment
3(1)
Protection
3(1)
Convenience
3(1)
Communication
4(1)
Package Environments
5(1)
Physical Environment
5(1)
Ambient Environment
5(1)
Human Environment
5(1)
The Functions/Environments Grid
5(1)
Conclusion
6(3)
References
6(3)
Structure and Related Properties of Plastic Polymers
9(34)
Introduction
10(1)
History
10(2)
Factors Influencing Polymer Structures and Related Properties
12(31)
Molecular Structure
12(1)
Classification of Polymers
12(2)
Polymerization Processes
14(1)
Molecular Weight
15(1)
Density
15(1)
Crystallinity
15(1)
Physical Transitions in Polymers
16(2)
Chemical Structure
18(1)
Polyolefins
19(1)
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
19(1)
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
20(1)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
21(1)
Irradiated Polyethylene
22(1)
Polypropylene (PP)
22(2)
Metallocenes
24(1)
Copolymers of Ethylene
25(1)
Ethylene--Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
25(1)
Ethylene--Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
25(1)
Ethylene--Acrylic Acid (EAA)
26(1)
Ionomers
26(1)
Substituted Olefins
27(1)
Polystyrene (PS)
27(1)
General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS)
28(1)
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
28(1)
Expandable Polystyrene Sheet (EPS)
29(1)
Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVOH)
29(1)
Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
29(1)
Poly(Vinylidene Chloride) (PVdC)
30(1)
Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)
31(1)
Polyesters
31(1)
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET)
32(2)
Poly(Ethylene Naphthalate) (PEN)
34(1)
Copolyesters
34(1)
Polycarbonates (PC)
35(1)
Polyamide (PA)
35(3)
Acrylonitriles
38(1)
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
38(1)
High Nitrile Resins
38(1)
Acrylonitrile/Styrene (ANS)
38(1)
Rubber-Modified Acrylonitrile/Methyl Acrylate (ANMA)
39(1)
Regenerated Cellulose
39(1)
Manufacturing Process
39(1)
Cellulose Film Types
40(1)
Additives in Plastics
40(1)
Processing Additives
40(1)
Flexibilizers
41(1)
Antiaging Additives
41(1)
Surface Property Modifiers
41(1)
Optical Property Modifiers
42(1)
Foaming Agents
42(1)
References
42(1)
Edible and Biobased Food Packaging Materials
43(12)
Introduction
43(1)
Edible Films and Coatings
44(3)
Polysaccharide-Based Coatings
45(1)
Lipid-Based Coatings
46(1)
Protein-Based Coatings
46(1)
Multicomponent Films
47(1)
Biobased Packaging Materials
47(5)
First Generation
48(1)
Second Generation
48(1)
Third Generation
49(1)
Category 1
50(1)
Category 2
50(1)
Category 3
50(1)
Properties of Biobased Packaging Materials
51(1)
Barrier Properties
51(1)
Mechanical Properties
51(1)
Food Packaging Applications
51(1)
Environmental Aspects
52(3)
References
53(2)
Permeability of Thermoplastic Polymers
55(24)
Introduction
55(1)
Theory
56(2)
Steady-State Permeation
58(1)
Permeation Through Pores
59(1)
Permeability Coefficient Units
60(3)
Polymer/Permeant Relationships
63(1)
Variables of the Polymer
64(2)
Factors Affecting the Diffusion and Solubility Coefficients
66(1)
Pressure
66(1)
Sorption
66(1)
Temperature
67(1)
Transmission Rate
67(3)
Migration
70(1)
Permeability of Multilayer Materials
70(3)
Measurement of Permeability
73(6)
Gas Permeability
73(1)
Pressure Increase Method
73(1)
Volume Increase Method
73(1)
Concentration Increase Method
74(1)
Detector Film Method
74(1)
Water Vapor Permeability
74(1)
Permeability of Organic Compounds
75(1)
References
76(3)
Processing and Converting of Thermoplastic Polymers
79(24)
Extrusion
79(4)
Monolayer Extrusion
79(2)
Coextrusion
81(2)
Calendering
83(1)
Coating and Laminating
83(2)
Coating Processes
83(1)
Laminating Processes
84(1)
Metallization
85(3)
Orientation
88(3)
Orientation Process
89(1)
Shrink Films
90(1)
Stretch Films
91(1)
Cross-Linking
91(1)
Microperforation
92(1)
Injection Molding
93(1)
Blow Molding
93(4)
Extrusion Blow Molding
94(1)
Injection Blow Molding
95(1)
Stretch Blow Molding
95(2)
Thermoforming
97(1)
Foamed (Cellular) Plastics
98(1)
Heat Sealing
98(5)
Conductance Sealing
98(1)
Impulse Sealing
99(1)
Induction Sealing
100(1)
Ultrasonic Sealing
100(1)
Dielectric Sealing
100(1)
Hot-Wire Sealing
101(1)
Testing of Heat Seals
101(1)
References
101(2)
Paper and Paper-Based Packaging Materials
103(18)
Pulp
104(5)
Introduction to Pulping
104(1)
Mechanical Pulps
105(1)
Chemical Pulps
106(1)
Alkaline Processes
106(1)
Soda Process
106(1)
Sulfate (Kraft) Process
106(1)
Sulfite Processes
107(1)
Semichemical Pulps
107(1)
Digestion
107(1)
Bleaching
108(1)
Mechanical Pulps
108(1)
Chemical Pulps
109(1)
Paper
109(7)
Beating and Refining
110(1)
Papermaking
110(1)
Fourdrinier Machine
110(1)
Cylinder Machine
111(1)
Twin-Wire Formers
112(1)
Presses and Dryers
112(1)
Converting
112(1)
Calendering
113(1)
Sizing
113(1)
Adhesives
113(1)
Barrier Coatings
114(1)
Pigments
114(1)
Physical Properties
114(1)
Types of Paper
114(1)
Kraft Paper
114(1)
Bleached Paper
115(1)
Greaseproof Paper
115(1)
Glassine Paper
115(1)
Vegetable Parchment
115(1)
Waxed Paper
116(1)
Paperboard Products
116(5)
Folding Cartons
117(1)
Beverage Cartons
117(1)
Molded Pulp Containers
118(1)
References
118(3)
Metal Packaging Materials
121(36)
Introduction
122(1)
Manufacture of Tinplate
123(4)
Manufacture of Pig Iron
124(1)
Steelmaking
124(1)
Tinplating
124(3)
Manufacture of ECCS
127(1)
Manufacture of Aluminum
127(1)
Container-Making Processes
128(11)
End Manufacture
128(1)
Three-Piece Can Manufacture
129(1)
Welded Sideseams
129(1)
Soldered Sideseams
130(1)
Double Seaming
131(1)
Two-Piece Can Manufacture
132(1)
Drawn and Ironed (D&I)
133(1)
Drawn and Redrawn (DRD)
134(1)
Protective and Decorative Coatings
135(1)
Protective Coatings
135(4)
Decorative Coatings
139(1)
Aluminum Foils and Containers
139(2)
Aluminum Foil
139(1)
Tube
140(1)
Retort Pouch
140(1)
Corrosion of Metal Packaging Materials
141(16)
Fundamental Concepts
141(1)
Introduction
141(1)
Electrochemical Corrosion
142(1)
Electrochemical Series
142(2)
Factors Affecting the Rate of Corrosion
144(1)
Polarization of the Electrodes
144(1)
Supply of Oxygen
144(1)
Temperature
145(1)
Passivity
145(1)
Corrosion of Tinplate
145(1)
Corrosion of Plain Tinplate Cans
145(1)
Reversal of Polarity
145(1)
Rate of Tin Dissolution
146(1)
Possible Tin--Iron Couple Situations
146(1)
Normal Detinning
146(1)
Rapid Detinning
147(1)
Partial Detinning and Pitting
147(1)
Pitting Corrosion
147(1)
Corrosion of Enameled Cans
147(2)
Corrosiveness of Foods
149(1)
Acidity
150(1)
pH
150(1)
Sulfur Compounds
150(1)
Nitrates
151(1)
Phosphates
151(1)
Plant Pigments
152(1)
Synthetic Colorings
152(1)
Copper
152(1)
Effects of Processing and Storage
153(1)
Oxygen
153(1)
Thermal Processing
153(1)
Storage Temperature
153(1)
External Corrosion of Cans
153(1)
Thermal Processing
154(1)
Cooling of Cans
154(1)
Storage
154(1)
Corrosion of ECCS
155(1)
Corrosion of Aluminum
155(1)
References
156(1)
Glass Packaging Materials
157(18)
Introduction
157(1)
Composition and Structure
158(2)
Physical Properties
160(3)
Mechanical Properties
160(1)
Thermal Properties
161(1)
Optical Properties
162(1)
Manufacture
163(4)
Mixing and Melting
163(1)
Forming Processes
164(1)
Blow and Blow (B&B)
164(1)
Press and Blow (P&B)
165(1)
Narrow Neck Press and Blow (NNPB)
165(1)
Annealing
165(1)
Surface Treatments
166(1)
Hot-End Treatment
166(1)
Cold-End Treatment
166(1)
Shrink Sleeves
166(1)
Defects in Glass Containers
167(1)
Glass Container Design
167(2)
Glass Container Nomenclature
167(1)
Glass Container Strength Factors
168(1)
Closures for Glass Containers
169(6)
Closure Functions
169(1)
Closure Terminology and Construction
170(1)
Food Container Closures
170(1)
Closures to Retain Internal Pressure
170(1)
Crown Cork
170(1)
Roll-On Tamper-Evident
171(1)
Closures to Contain and Protect Contents
171(1)
Closures to Maintain Vacuum Inside Container
172(1)
Closures to Secure Contents Inside Container
173(1)
References
173(2)
Printing Processes, Inks, Adhesives and Labeling of Packaging Materials
175(18)
Introduction
176(1)
Printing Processes
177(4)
Relief
177(1)
Letterpress
177(1)
Flexography
177(1)
Flexo Process
178(1)
Gravure
179(1)
Lithography
180(1)
Screen
181(1)
Ink-Jet
181(1)
Inks
181(5)
Introduction
181(1)
Below the Surface
182(1)
On the Surface
182(1)
Above the Surface
182(1)
Through the Surface
182(1)
No Surface
182(1)
Ink Components
182(1)
Liquid Inks
183(1)
Flexographic Ink
183(1)
Solvent-Based
183(1)
Water-Based
183(1)
Gravure Ink
184(1)
Solvent-Based
184(1)
Water-Based
184(1)
Screen Ink
184(1)
Paste Inks
184(1)
Offset Lithographic Inks
184(1)
Letterset Inks
185(1)
Letterpress Inks
185(1)
Thermochromic Inks
185(1)
Adhesives
186(2)
Natural Materials
187(1)
Starch
187(1)
Protein
187(1)
Casein
187(1)
Animal Glue
187(1)
Natural Rubber Latex
188(1)
Synthetic Materials
188(1)
Water-Borne Adhesives
188(1)
Hot-Melt Adhesives
188(1)
Solvent-Borne Adhesives
188(1)
Labeling
188(5)
Glued-on Labels
189(1)
Self-Adhesive (Pressure-Sensitive) Labels
189(1)
In-Mold Labels
189(1)
Sleeve Labels
189(1)
References
190(3)
Deteriorative Reactions in Foods
193(32)
Introduction
194(1)
Deteriorative Reactions in Foods
195(11)
Enzymic Reactions
195(1)
Chemical Reactions
196(1)
Sensory Quality
196(1)
Lipid Oxidation
197(1)
Nonenzymic Browning
197(1)
Color Changes
197(1)
Chlorophylls
197(1)
Heme Pigments
198(1)
Anthocyanins
198(1)
Carotenoids
198(1)
Miscellaneous Natural Pigments
198(1)
Flavor Changes
198(1)
Nutritional Quality
199(1)
Vitamins
199(1)
Proteins
199(1)
Lipids
200(1)
Physical Changes
200(1)
Biological Changes
201(1)
Microbiological
201(1)
Intrinsic Parameters
202(1)
Extrinsic Parameters
203(1)
Influence of Packaging Material
204(1)
Macrobiological
204(1)
Insect Pests
204(1)
Rodents
205(1)
Rates of Deteriorative Reactions
206(7)
Zero-Order Reactions
208(2)
First-Order Reactions
210(1)
Microbial Growth and Destruction
211(1)
Microbial Growth
211(1)
Microbial Destruction
212(1)
Extrinsic Factors Controlling the Rates of Deteriorative Reactions
213(12)
Effect of Temperature
213(1)
Linear Model
213(1)
Arrhenius Relationship
213(1)
Temperature Quotient
214(2)
Effect of Water Activity (aw)
216(1)
Definitions
216(1)
Isotherms
217(2)
Water Activity and Food Stability
219(1)
Lipids
219(1)
Browning
220(1)
Vitamins
220(1)
Enzymes
220(1)
Pigments
220(1)
Texture
220(1)
Microbial
220(2)
Effect of Gas Atmosphere
222(1)
Effect of Light
222(2)
References
224(1)
Shelf Life of Foods
225(30)
Definitions
225(2)
Factors Controlling Shelf Life
227(17)
Product Characteristics
228(1)
Perishability
228(1)
Bulk Density
228(1)
Concentration Effects
229(1)
Package Properties
229(2)
Water Vapor Transfer
231(3)
Gas and Odor Transfer
234(2)
Package/Product Interaction
236(1)
Distribution Environment
236(1)
Climatic
236(1)
Mass Transfer
237(1)
Heat Transfer
237(1)
Shelf Life Plots
238(1)
Zero-Order Reaction Prediction
239(2)
First-Order Reaction Prediction
241(2)
Sequential Fluctuating Temperatures
243(1)
Simultaneous Mass and Heat Transfer
244(1)
Physical
244(1)
Shelf Life Estimation
244(9)
Introduction
244(1)
Sensory Evaluation
245(1)
Shelf Life Failure
246(1)
Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT)
247(1)
Basic Principles
247(2)
ASLT Procedures
249(1)
Examples of ASLT Procedures
250(1)
Dehydrated Products
250(1)
Frozen Foods
250(1)
Canned Foods
251(1)
Oxygen-Sensitive Products
251(1)
Problems in the Use of ASLT Conditions
251(1)
Predicting Microbial Shelf Life
252(1)
Shelf Life Devices
253(2)
References
253(2)
Aseptic Packaging of Foods
255(16)
Introduction
256(3)
Historical Development
257(1)
Principles of Sterilization
257(2)
Sterilization of Packaging Material Food Contact Surfaces
259(4)
Required Count Reduction
259(1)
Irradiation
260(1)
Ionizing Radiation
260(1)
Pulsed Light
260(1)
UV-C Radiation
260(1)
Heat
260(1)
Saturated Steam
260(1)
Superheated Steam
261(1)
Hot Air
261(1)
Hot Air and Steam
261(1)
Extrusion
261(1)
Chemical Treatments
261(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide
261(1)
Dipping Process
262(1)
Spraying Process
262(1)
Rinsing Process
262(1)
Combined with UV Irradiation and Heat
262(1)
Peracetic Acid
263(1)
Verification of Sterilization Processes
263(1)
Aseptic Packaging Systems
263(6)
Carton Systems
263(1)
Form-Fill-Seal Cartons
264(1)
Prefabricated Cartons
264(2)
Can Systems
266(1)
Bottle Systems
267(1)
Glass
267(1)
Plastics
267(1)
Nonsterile Bottles
267(1)
Sterile Blown Bottles
267(1)
Single Station Blowing, Filling and Sealing
267(1)
Sachet and Pouch Systems
268(1)
Form-Fill-Seal Systems
268(1)
Lay-Flat Tubing
268(1)
Cup Systems
268(1)
Preformed Plastic Cups
268(1)
Form-Fill-Seal Cups
268(1)
Integrity Testing of Aseptic Packages
269(2)
References
270(1)
Packaging of Microwavable Foods
271(14)
Introduction
271(1)
Basic Principles
272(6)
Microwave Oven Operation
272(1)
Microwave Heating Mechanisms
273(1)
Dipole Rotation
274(1)
Ionic Polarization
274(1)
Dielectric Materials
275(1)
Energy Conversion
275(1)
Penetration of Microwaves
276(1)
Nonuniform Heating
277(1)
Effect of Food Product
278(1)
Packaging
279(5)
Transparent Materials
279(1)
Absorbent Materials
280(2)
Shielding
282(1)
Field Modification
283(1)
Doneness Indicators
283(1)
Testing Methods and Safety
283(1)
Conclusion
284(1)
References
284(1)
Active and Intelligent Packaging
285(28)
Historical Development
286(1)
Definitions
287(4)
Active Packaging
287(2)
Intelligent Packaging
289(2)
Active Packaging Systems
291(9)
Sachets and Pads
291(1)
O2 Absorbers
292(1)
CO2 Absorbers/Emitters
293(1)
Ethylene Adsorbers
293(1)
Ethanol Emitters
294(1)
Moisture/Water Absorbers
294(1)
Active Packaging Materials
294(1)
O2 Absorbing Materials
294(1)
Ethylene Adsorbers
295(1)
Flavor/Odor Absorbers
296(1)
Antioxidant Release
296(1)
Antimicrobial Release
296(1)
Microwave Susceptors
297(1)
Self-Heating and Self-Cooling Packages
297(1)
Changing Gas Permeability Properties
298(1)
Widgets
299(1)
Intelligent Packaging
300(7)
Improving Product Quality and Product Value
300(1)
Quality Indicators
300(1)
Kimchi Freshness Indicator
300(1)
RipeSense
301(1)
Time--Temperature Indicators
301(1)
VITSAB
302(1)
Temptime
302(1)
MonitorMark
303(1)
Applications
304(1)
Gas Concentration Indicators
304(1)
Providing More Convenience
304(1)
Thermochromic Inks
305(1)
Microwave Doneness Indicators (MDIs)
305(1)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
306(1)
Providing Protection against Theft, Counterfeiting and Tampering
306(1)
Safety and Regulatory Issues
307(1)
Conclusions
308(5)
References
309(4)
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
313(18)
Introduction
313(3)
Definitions
313(1)
History of MAP
314(2)
Principles
316(2)
Gases Used in MAP
318(2)
Carbon Dioxide
318(1)
Oxygen
318(1)
Nitrogen
318(1)
Carbon Monoxide
318(1)
Noble Gases
319(1)
Gas Mixtures
320(1)
Methods of Creating MA Conditions
320(1)
Passive MA
320(1)
Active MA
320(1)
Equipment for MAP
321(1)
Form-Fill-Seal Machines
321(1)
Chamber Machines
321(1)
Snorkel Machines
321(1)
Packaging for MAP Applications
322(1)
Microbiology of MAP
322(3)
Safety of MAP
325(1)
REPFEDs and Sous Vide
326(1)
Applications of MAP
327(4)
References
328(3)
Packaging of Flesh Foods
331(30)
Introduction
332(1)
Red Meat
332(17)
Color of Red Meat
332(1)
Introduction
332(1)
Myoglobin Pigments
332(2)
Role of Oxygen
334(1)
Oxygenation and Deoxygenation
334(1)
Oxidation
335(1)
Reduction
335(1)
Bacterial Discoloration
335(1)
Color Intensity
335(1)
Role of Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
336(1)
Lighting
337(1)
Effect of Temperature
337(1)
Effect of Freezing
338(1)
Microbiology of Red Meat
338(1)
Introduction
338(1)
Effect of Temperature
339(1)
Effect of Gaseous Atmosphere
339(1)
Lipid Oxidation
340(1)
Vacuum Packaging of Fresh Meat
341(1)
Vacuum-Packaging Systems
342(1)
Shrink Bag Method
343(1)
Nonshrink Bag Method
343(1)
Thermoforming Method
344(1)
Vacuum Skin Packaging
344(1)
Shelf Life of Vacuum-Packaged Red Meats
344(1)
Beef
345(1)
Lamb and Pork
345(1)
Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh Meat
345(1)
High-Oxygen MAP
346(1)
Low-Oxygen MAP
347(1)
Carbon Dioxide Gas Flush
347(1)
Nitrogen Gas Flush
347(1)
Ultra Low-Oxygen MAP
348(1)
Packaging of Frozen and Restructured Meats
348(1)
Cured and Cooked Meats
349(2)
Poultry
351(2)
Seafood
353(8)
Types of Spoilage
353(1)
Vacuum and Modified Atmosphere Packaging
354(1)
Safety Aspects of Packaged Seafood
355(2)
References
357(4)
Packaging of Horticultural Products
361(26)
Introduction
361(1)
Postharvest Physiology
362(6)
Respiration
362(1)
Internal Factors Affecting Respiration
363(1)
External Factors Affecting Respiration
364(1)
Temperature
364(1)
Ethylene
364(1)
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentration
365(2)
Stresses
367(1)
Transpiration
367(1)
Introduction
367(1)
Factors Influencing Transpiration
367(1)
Postharvest Decay
368(1)
Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh Horticultural Produce
368(8)
Introduction
368(1)
Factors Affecting MAP
368(1)
Resistance to Diffusion
369(2)
Respiration
371(1)
Temperature
371(1)
Methods of Creating MA Conditions
371(1)
Design of MAPs
371(1)
General Concepts
371(3)
Developing a Predictive Model
374(2)
Packaging of Horticultural Products
376(11)
Fresh and Minimally Processed Horticultural Produce
376(1)
Introduction
376(1)
Packaging Materials
377(2)
Safety of MAP Produce
379(2)
Frozen
381(1)
Canned
381(1)
Dehydrated
382(1)
References
383(4)
Packaging of Dairy Products
387(30)
Introduction
388(1)
Fluid Milk
389(7)
Pasteurized Milk
389(1)
Effect of Micro-Organisms
389(1)
Effect of Temperature
390(1)
Thermalization
390(1)
Pasteurization
390(1)
Shelf Life
390(1)
Effect of Light
391(1)
Effect of Gases
391(1)
Packaging Materials
392(1)
UHT Milk
393(1)
Process Description
393(1)
Sterilization
393(1)
Packaging
393(1)
Microbiology
393(1)
Nutrition
394(1)
Vitamins
394(1)
Proteins
394(1)
Biochemical and Physical Aspects
394(1)
Flavor
395(1)
Packaging Materials
395(1)
Fermented Products
396(1)
Butter and Spreads
397(3)
Composition
397(1)
Packaging Requirements
398(1)
Oxidation
398(1)
Water Vapor Permeability
399(1)
Odor Permeability
400(1)
Packaging in Current Use
400(1)
Cheese
400(9)
Classification
400(1)
Microbiology
401(1)
Packaging Requirements
401(1)
Very Hard and Hard
402(1)
Rindless Ripening
402(2)
Role of Oxygen
404(1)
Gas Flush and Vacuum Packaging
404(1)
Semisoft and Soft
404(1)
Light
405(1)
Gases
405(1)
Humidity
405(1)
Ripened by Internal Mold
406(1)
Ripened by Surface Mold
406(1)
Ripened by Smear Coat
407(1)
Fresh
407(1)
Manufacturing Processes
407(1)
Cottage
407(1)
Quark
407(1)
Cream and Petit Suisse
407(1)
Packaging Requirements
407(1)
Packaging Materials
408(1)
Processed
408(1)
Manufacture
408(1)
Packaging
408(1)
Milk Powders
409(8)
Manufacture
409(1)
Packaging Requirements
410(1)
Oxidation
410(1)
Water Vapor Permeability
410(1)
Light
411(1)
Packaging Materials
411(1)
Metal Cans
411(1)
Laminates
411(1)
Fiber Cans
412(1)
Packaging Techniques
412(1)
Vacuum Packing
412(1)
Gas Packing
412(1)
References
413(4)
Packaging of Cereals, Snack Foods and Confectionery
417(30)
Introduction
418(1)
Grains
418(2)
Wheat
419(1)
Flour
419(1)
Rice
420(1)
Breakfast Cereals
420(3)
Manufacture
421(1)
Deterioration
421(1)
Packaging
422(1)
Loss of Crispness
422(1)
Lipid Oxidation
422(1)
Loss of Vitamins
422(1)
Mechanical Damage
423(1)
Loss of Flavor
423(1)
Pastas
423(2)
Dried Pasta
424(1)
Fresh Pasta
424(1)
Bakery Products
425(7)
Manufacture
425(1)
Deterioration
426(1)
Microbiological Spoilage
426(1)
Physical Spoilage
427(1)
Staling
427(1)
Moisture Loss/Gain
428(1)
Packaging
429(1)
Gas Packaging
429(1)
Alcohol Vapor
430(1)
Oxygen Absorbers
431(1)
Biscuits, Cookies and Crackers
432(1)
Manufacture
432(1)
Deterioration
432(1)
Loss of Crispness
432(1)
Development of Rancidity
433(1)
Development of Fat Bloom
433(1)
Packaging
433(1)
Snack Foods
433(6)
Fried Snack Foods
434(1)
Manufacture
434(1)
Deterioration
434(1)
Packaging
435(1)
Extruded and Puffed Snacks
436(1)
Manufacture
436(1)
Deterioration
437(1)
Packaging
438(1)
Fruit-Based Snacks
438(1)
Confectionery
439(8)
Sugar Confectionery (Candy)
439(1)
Manufacture
439(1)
Deterioration
440(1)
Packaging
441(1)
Chocolate
441(1)
Manufacture
441(1)
Deterioration
442(1)
Packaging
442(1)
References
443(4)
Packaging of Beverages
447(26)
Introduction
448(1)
Water
448(2)
Introduction
448(1)
Deterioration
449(1)
Packaging
450(1)
Coffee
450(5)
Manufacture
450(1)
Deterioration
451(1)
Packaging
452(1)
Roasted Whole Beans
452(1)
Roasted and Ground Coffee
453(1)
Metal Cans
454(1)
Hard Packs
454(1)
Soft Packs
454(1)
Instant Coffee
455(1)
Tea
455(2)
Manufacture
455(1)
Black Tea
455(1)
Green Tea
456(1)
Deterioration
456(1)
Black Tea
456(1)
Green Tea
456(1)
Packaging
456(1)
Juices
457(3)
Manufacture
457(1)
Deterioration
457(1)
Packaging
458(2)
Carbonated Soft Drinks
460(3)
Manufacture
460(1)
Deterioration
460(1)
Packaging
461(1)
Glass
461(1)
Metal
461(1)
Plastics
461(2)
Beer
463(3)
Manufacture
463(1)
Deterioration
464(1)
Packaging
464(1)
Glass
464(1)
Metal
465(1)
Plastics
465(1)
Wine
466(7)
Classification
466(1)
Winemaking
466(1)
Deterioration
467(1)
Packaging
467(1)
Glass
467(1)
Plastics
468(1)
Bag-in-Box
468(1)
Bottles
469(1)
Metal
470(1)
Miscellaneous
470(1)
References
471(2)
Safety and Legislative Aspects of Packaging
473(30)
Introduction
474(1)
Package Selection Criteria
474(1)
Migration
474(1)
Regulatory Considerations
475(8)
General Requirements
475(1)
United States of America
476(5)
European Community
481(1)
Background
481(1)
Directives
482(1)
Plastics Packaging
483(9)
Vinyl Chloride Monomer
483(2)
Styrene Monomer
485(1)
Acrylonitrile (AN) Monomer
485(1)
Plasticizers
486(1)
Phthalate and Adipate Esters
486(1)
Acetyltributyl Citrate
487(1)
Epoxidized Soy Bean Oil
488(1)
Antioxidants
488(1)
Odors and Taints
488(1)
Solvents
489(1)
Monomers
490(1)
Polyethylene
490(1)
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
491(1)
Miscellaneous
491(1)
Metal Packaging
492(3)
Tin
492(1)
Lead
492(1)
Aluminum
493(1)
Chromium
494(1)
Epoxy Resin Coatings
495(1)
Miscellaneous
495(1)
Paper Packaging
495(3)
Dioxins
495(2)
Benzophenone
497(1)
Nitrosamines
497(1)
Chlorophenols and Chloroanisoles
498(1)
Miscellaneous
498(1)
Glass Packaging
498(5)
References
499(4)
Food Packaging and the Environment
503(26)
Introduction
504(1)
What is Waste?
504(1)
Waste Management Options
505(13)
Hierarchy of Waste Management
505(1)
Source Reduction
506(1)
Recycling
507(1)
Closed-Loop Recycling
507(1)
Collection and Sorting
508(1)
Materials Recovery Facility
509(1)
Benefits
509(2)
Technologies
511(1)
Paper
511(1)
Steel
511(1)
Aluminum
512(1)
Glass
512(1)
Plastics
513(1)
Economics
514(1)
Composting
515(1)
Thermal Treatment
515(1)
Landfill
516(2)
Life Cycle Assessment
518(3)
Goal Definition and Scoping (ISO 14041)
518(1)
Life Cycle Inventory (ISO 14041)
519(1)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)
519(1)
Life Cycle Interpretation (ISO 14043)
519(1)
Limitations of LCA
519(1)
Uses of LCAs
520(1)
Packaging and Environmental Policies
521(3)
North America
521(1)
Deposits
522(1)
Extended Product Responsibility
522(1)
Packaging as Part of MSW
522(1)
Europe
522(1)
Producer Responsibility
522(1)
German Packaging Ordinance
523(1)
Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
523(1)
Packaging and Sustainability
524(5)
Sustainable Development
524(1)
Corporate Social Responsibility
524(1)
CSR/Sustainability Reporting
525(1)
Supply Chain Management
526(1)
References
526(3)
Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols 529(6)
Index 535

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