Dynamic Meteorology A Basic Course,9780340705926

Dynamic Meteorology A Basic Course

by ; ; ;
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780340705926
ISBN10: 0340705922
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1997-12-15
Publisher(s): Hodder Education Publishers
List Price: $166.88

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Summary

Dynamic Meteorology: A Basic Course is an introduction to the physics of the atmosphere. Starting from the basics, it provides students with an awareness of simple mathematics and enthusiastically proceeds to provide a thorough grounding in the fundamentals of meteorology. The authors leadstudents to a scientifically rigorous understanding of the behaviour of weather systems such as highs, lows, fronts, jet streams and tropical cyclones.From the "ABC" of the laws of Avogrado, Boyle and Charles to the powerful omega equation and beyond, this is a simple exposition of dynamic meteorology. Why does the wind blow along the lines of isobars rather than across them? Why are low pressure systems on the weather map more intense thanhigh-pressure systems? Why is there much less constraint on the strength of the wind around a cyclone than an anticyclone? An international team of academic experts in meteorology answer these and many other fundamental questions with simple mathematical equations. Covering both northern andsouthern hemispheres, Dynamic Meteorology equips students of earth and environmental sciences with proper understanding of the essential mathematics necessary to unlock the mysteries of the natural world.

Table of Contents

Foreword xiii(2)
Acknowledgements xv
Chapter 1 Introduction: units and dimensions
1(6)
1.1 Historical perspective of meteorology
1(2)
1.2 Dimensions
3(1)
1.3 Units
4(1)
1.4 Problems
5(2)
Chapter 2 The thermodynamics of dry clean air
7(17)
2.1 Structure and composition of the atmosphere
7(1)
2.2 The scientific method
8(1)
2.3 The equation of state of a perfect gas
9(3)
2.4 The universal gas constant
12(1)
2.5 Mixture of gases
12(1)
2.6 Molecular weight of dry air
13(1)
2.7 Work
13(3)
2.8 Heat
16(1)
2.9 The first law of thermodynamics
17(1)
2.10 Specific heats of gases
17(3)
2.11 Adiabatic process
20(1)
2.12 Potential temperature
21(1)
2.13 Entropy
21(1)
2.14 Problems
22(2)
Chapter 3 The aerological diagram
24(8)
3.1 Introduction
24(1)
3.2 Different kinds of diagrams
24(3)
3.3 The skew (T, -- logp) diagram
27(1)
3.4 The tephigram
27(2)
3.5 Work and energy on the tephigram
29(1)
3.6 Problems
30(2)
Chapter 4 The thermodynamics of moist air
32(23)
4.1 Water substance and water vapour
32(3)
4.2 Equation of state for water vapour
35(1)
4.3 Specific heats of water substance
36(1)
4.4 Change of phase
36(1)
4.5 Variation of latent heat with temperature
37(1)
4.6 Clapeyron's equation
37(5)
4.7 Clapeyron and global warming
42(1)
4.8 Supercooled water
43(1)
4.9 Moist air
44(2)
4.10 The virtual temperature
46(1)
4.11 Specific heats of moist air
46(1)
4.12 Adiabatic process of unsaturated air
47(1)
4.13 The adiabatic processes for moist saturated air
47(1)
4.14 Exact equation for the rain stage of the pseudo-adiabatic process
48(1)
4.15 Exact equation of the reversible saturation adiabatic process
49(1)
4.16 Simplified equation of the adiabatic process of saturated air
50(1)
4.17 Isobaric warming and cooling
50(1)
4.18 Hygrometric equation
51(1)
4.19 Construction of saturation adiabats
52(1)
4.20 Normand's theorem
53(1)
4.21 Some useful empirical relationships
53(1)
4.22 Problems
54(1)
Chapter 5 Hydrostatic equilibrium
55(17)
5.1 What is hydrostatic equilibrium?
55(1)
5.2 The hydrostatic equation
55(1)
5.3 Definition of lapse rate
56(1)
5.4 The thickness equation
57(1)
5.5 Pressure-height formulae in model atmospheres
57(4)
5.5.1 Dry atmosphere with a constant lapse rate
58(1)
5.5.2 Height and lapse rate of a homogeneous atmosphere
58(1)
5.5.3 The dry adiabatic atmosphere
59(2)
5.6 Stability and instability
61(4)
5.7 Energy of displacement
65(3)
5.8 Convective available potential energy
68(1)
5.9 Lapse rate for unsaturated air
69(1)
5.10 Lapse rate for saturated air
69(2)
5.11 Problems
71(1)
Chapter 6 The equations of motion: 1 The Coriolis force
72(7)
6.1 Introduction
72(1)
6.2 Motion as observed with reference to a fixed frame of coordinates
73(1)
6.3 Motion as observed in a rotating frame of coordinates
74(4)
6.3.1 The bear and the penguin
74(1)
6.3.2 The carousel or merry-go-round
75(1)
6.3.3 A simple practical example of the Coriolis force
75(1)
6.3.4 Simple mathematical derivation of the Coriolis force
76(1)
6.3.5 The Foucault pendulum
77(1)
6.4 Conclusion
78(1)
6.5 Problems
78(1)
Chapter 7 The equations of motion: 2 Derivation in various coordinates
79(14)
7.1 The pressure gradient force
79(2)
7.2 The spherical earth
81(1)
7.3 The equations of motion
82(1)
7.4 Derivation of the components of the Coriolis force from the law of the conservation of angular momentum
83(1)
7.5 Derivation of the equations of motion in plane coordinates from rotating axes
84(2)
7.6 Derivation of the equations of motion in rotating polar coordinates
86(2)
7.7 Derivation of the three-dimensional equations of motion in a spherical coordinate system
88(2)
7.8 Equations of motion in tangential curvilinear coordinates
90(1)
7.9 Problems
91(2)
Chapter 8 Balanced flow
93(10)
8.1 Introduction
93(1)
8.2 The geostrophic equation
93(2)
8.3 The gradient wind equation
95(4)
8.3.1 Gradient wind solution for the anticyclonic case
98(1)
8.3.2 Gradient wind solution for the cyclonic case
99(1)
8.4 The cyclostrophic wind
99(1)
8.5 The inertial wind
99(1)
8.6 The `strange roots' of the gradient wind equation
100(1)
8.7 The balance equation
101(1)
8.8 Problems
101(2)
Chapter 9 Unbalanced flow
103(15)
9.1 Introduction
103(1)
9.2 The ageostrophic wind
103(1)
9.3 The isallobaric wind
104(2)
9.4 Pressure changes
106(2)
9.5 Divergence and convergence
108(4)
9.6 Pressure changes in geostrophic flow
112(3)
9.7 Measurement of divergence
115(1)
9.8 Vertical motion
116(1)
9.9 Problems
117(1)
Chapter 10 Euler and Lagrange
118(12)
10.1 Introduction
118(1)
10.2 Geostrophic adjustment: example of the Lagrangian method
119(3)
10.3 The case of the anticyclone
122(1)
10.4 The case of the variable Coriolis parameter
123(3)
10.5 Divergence of parcels in a fluid
126(1)
10.6 Streamlines
127(1)
10.7 The stream function
128(1)
10.8 Problems
128(2)
Chapter 11 Vorticity
130(14)
11.1 Introduction
130(1)
11.2 Circulation
130(1)
11.3 Vorticity
131(3)
11.4 Derivation of expressions for vorticity
134(1)
11.5 Relative and absolute vorticity
135(1)
11.6 The divergence-vorticity relation
136(3)
11.7 A simple wave pattern
139(1)
11.8 Shear vorticity in a jet stream pattern
140(1)
11.9 Constant absolute vorticity trajectories
141(2)
11.10 Problems
143(1)
Chapter 12 The long-wave equations
144(8)
12.1 Introduction
144(1)
12.2 Effects of curvature and latitude vorticity on wave translation
144(2)
12.3 The Rossby long-wave equation
146(1)
12.4 The long-wave theory
147(1)
12.5 The stationary wavelength
148(2)
12.6 Absolute vorticity of layer of constant mass
150(1)
12.7 Potential vorticity
151(1)
12.8 Problems
151(1)
Chapter 13 The upper air synoptic chart
152(11)
13.1 Introduction
152(1)
13.2 Pressure as a vertical coordinate
152(1)
13.3 The thermal wind
153(1)
13.4 The thickness of a standard isobaric layer
154(1)
13.5 Differential analysis of the upper air synoptic chart
155(2)
13.6 Barotropic and baroclinic structure
157(1)
13.7 Advection of thickness lines
158(2)
13.8 M.s.l. pressure maps versus topography of 1000mb charts
160(1)
13.9 Vorticity on isobaric surfaces
160(1)
13.10 The velocity potential
161(1)
13.11 Problems
162(1)
Chapter 14 Friction in the boundary layer of the atmosphere
163(13)
14.1 Introduction
163(1)
14.2 The Guldberg-Mohn approximation
163(1)
14.3 Balanced frictional flow
164(1)
14.4 The Newtonian concept of friction
165(2)
14.5 The surface layer
167(1)
14.6 The spiral or Ekman layer
168(6)
14.7 Problems
174(2)
Chapter 15 Some more advanced equations
176(6)
15.1 The divergence equation
176(1)
15.2 The balance equation
177(1)
15.3 The omega equation
178(3)
15.4 Problems
181(1)
Chapter 16 Synoptic observations and analysis
182(28)
16.1 Introduction
182(1)
16.2 Synoptic observations and plotting
183(20)
16.3 Analysis methods
203(6)
16.3.1 Objective analysis
204(1)
16.3.2 Subjective analysis
205(1)
16.3.3 Streamlines
206(1)
16.3.4 Trends
207(2)
16.4 Problems
209(1)
Chapter 17 Simple synoptic models
210(25)
17.1 Introduction
210(1)
17.2 Some common synoptic patterns
210(1)
17.3 Weather associated with synoptic systems
211(1)
17.4 Definition of a front
212(2)
17.5 Evolution of a wave depression
214(2)
17.6 Frontal theory
216(5)
17.7 Other depressions
221(4)
17.8 Steering and development
225(7)
17.9 Blocking
232(1)
17.10 Tropics
233(1)
17.11 Problems
233(2)
Chapter 18 The tropical cyclone
235(21)
18.1 Introduction
235(2)
18.2 Structure and energy source
237(7)
18.3 Genesis
244(2)
18.4 Steering and development
246(1)
18.4.1 Movement
247(5)
18.4.2 Development
252(1)
18.5 Forecasting skill
253(2)
18.6 Problems
255(1)
Chapter 19 Radiant energy transfer
256(27)
19.1 Historical concepts, cavities and black bodies
256(8)
19.2 Thermodynamic cycles
264(4)
19.3 The Stefan-Boltzmann law
268(2)
19.4 The black body spectrum and Wien's displacement law
270(5)
19.5 Wien's expression for the frequency distribution of radiation
275(1)
19.6 Oscillators, radiators and spectra
275(2)
19.7 Planck's quantum theory
277(3)
19.8 Relationship between the Stefan-Boltzmann, Wien and Planck laws
280(3)
Chapter 20 The radiation balance of the earth
283(16)
20.1 Radiation at the earth's surface
283(2)
20.2 Net radiation and albedo
285(2)
20.3 Net fluxes of solar and terrestrial radiation
287(2)
20.4 The wavelength separation of solar and terrestrial radiation
289(1)
20.5 The planetary temperature
290(2)
20.6 Simple models of the greenhouse effect
292(2)
20.7 Simpson's theory of atmospheric radiation transfer
294(5)
Chapter 21 Climate change
299(15)
21.1 Introduction
299(1)
21.2 Definitions
299(1)
21.3 Global warming
300(1)
21.4 Climate variability
300(1)
21.5 The greenhouse effect
301(1)
21.6 The observed global temperature record
302(1)
21.7 Random walks
303(2)
21.8 The debate
305(1)
21.9 The MSU data
305(2)
21.10 The ENSO phenomenon
307(2)
21.11 Numerical modelling of the climate
309(2)
21.11.1 The equilibrium model
310(1)
21.11.2 The transient model
311(1)
21.12 The global warming debate continues
311(1)
21.13 Climate prediction
312(1)
21.14 Problems
313(1)
Bibliography 314(4)
Index 318

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