The forced suicide of Seneca, former advisor to Nero, is one of the most tortured - and most revisited - death scenes from classical antiquity. After fruitlessly opening his veins and drinking hemlock, Seneca finally succumbed to death in a stifling steam bath, while his wife Paulina, who hadattempted suicide as well, was bandaged up and revived by Nero's men. From the first century to the present day, writers and artists have retold this scene in order to rehearse and revise Seneca's image and writings, and to scrutinize the event of human death. In The Deaths of Seneca, James Ker offers the first comprehensive cultural history of Seneca's death scene, situating it in the Roman imagination and tracing its many subsequent interpretations. Ker shows first how the earliest accounts of the death scene by Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio wereshaped by conventions of Greco-Roman exitus-description and the concerns of Julio-Claudian dynastic history. At the book's center is an exploration of Seneca's own prolific writings about death - whether anticipating death in his letters, dramatizing it in the tragedies, or offering therapy for lossin the form of consolations - which offered the primary lens through which Seneca's contemporaries would view the author's death. These ancient approaches set the stage for prolific receptions, and Ker traces how the death scene was retold in both literary and visual versions, from St. Jerome toHeiner Muller and from medieval illuminations to Peter Paul Rubens and Jacques-Louis David. Dozens of interpreters, engaging with prior versions and with Seneca's writings, forged new and sometimes controversial views on Seneca's legacy and, more broadly, on the experience of mortality and suicide.The Deaths of Seneca offers a new, inclusive approach to our understanding of the Roman tradition.

James Ker is Assistant Professor of Classical Studies, the University of Pennsylvania.