The Complete Idiot's Guide to Statistics

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2004-05-04
Publisher(s): DK Publishing, Inc.
List Price: $19.90

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Summary

This book will be aimed at high school and university students who need to take statistics to fulfill a degree requirement, and it will follow a standard statistics curriculum. But because statistics is a mathematical topic that is taught to many non-mathematical people in a manner that often overwhelms them, the presentation of the material will focus on the concepts rather than the computations. Students will learn the required maths involved, but the focus will be on interpreting final results as opposed to the details of the technique.

Author Biography

Robert A. Donnelly Jr. is an associate professor at Goldey-Beacom College in Wilmington, Delaware, with more than 15 years of teaching experience. He teaches classes in statistics, operations management, management information systems, and database management at both the undergraduate and graduate level. Bob earned an undergraduate degree in chemical engineering from the University of Delaware, after which he worked for several years as an engineer in a local chemical plant. Despite success in this field, Bob felt drawn to pursue a career in education. It was his desire to teach (or maybe he just had a bad day) that took him back to school to earn his MBA and Ph.D. in operations research, also from the University of Delaware. Go Blue Hens! Bob's working experience prior to his teaching career has provided him with many opportunities to incorporate real-life examples into classroom learning. His students appreciate his knowledge of the business world as well as his mastery of the course subject matter. Many former students seek Bob's assistance in work-related issues that deal with his expertise. Typical student comments focus on his genuine concern for their welfare and his desire to help them succeed in reaching their goals. They also love when he cancels class because the roads in his backwoods neighborhood have flooded. While keeping teaching as his main focus, Bob performs consulting activities through his firm, Partners for Strategic Solutions, which provides services for businesses seeking management techniques to improve performance. He recently completed a test bank for a new textbook on mathematical modeling using Excel for Prentice-Hall Publishers. Bob has also remained current with today's technology with CIW certification as Master CIW Designer. You can reach him at partners@4strategicsolutions.com. It is obvious to anyone that Bob's first love is teaching. His children can attest to that when his eyes light up at the end of the day and he asks "Well, does anybody need help with their math homework?" Sometimes they say yes just to make him happy.

Table of Contents

Part 1: The Basics
1(72)
Let's Get Started
3(10)
Where Is This Stuff Used?
4(1)
Who Thought of This Stuff?
5(1)
Early Pioneers
5(1)
More Recent Famous People
5(1)
The Field of Statistics Today
6(3)
Descriptive Statistics---the Minor League
7(1)
Inferential Statistics---the Major League
8(1)
Ethics and Statistics---It's a Dangerous World out There
9(3)
Your Turn
12(1)
Data, Data Everywhere and Not a Drop to Drink
13(12)
The Importance of Data
14(1)
The Sources of Data---Where Does All This Stuff Come From?
15(3)
Direct Observation---I'll Be Watching You
16(1)
Experiments---Who's in Control?
17(1)
Surveys---Is That Your Final Answer?
17(1)
Types of Data
18(1)
Types of Measurement Scales---a Weighty Topic
18(2)
Nominal Level of Measurement
18(1)
Oridinal Level of Measurement
19(1)
Interval Level of Measurement
19(1)
Ratio Level of Measurement
19(1)
Computers to the Rescue
20(3)
The Role of Computers in Statistics
21(1)
Installing the Data Analysis Add-in
21(2)
Your Turn
23(2)
Displaying Descriptive Statistics
25(18)
Frequency Distributions
26(7)
Constructing a Frequency Distribution
27(1)
(A Distant) Relative Frequency Distribution
28(1)
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
29(1)
Graphing a Frequency Distribution---the Histogram
30(1)
Letting Excel Do Our Dirty Work
30(3)
Statistical Flower Power---the Stem and Leaf Display
33(1)
Charting Your Course
34(7)
What's Your Favorite Pie Chart?
34(2)
Bar Charts
36(1)
Line Charts
37(1)
Excel's Chart Wizard of Oz
38(3)
Your Turn
41(2)
Calculating Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)
43(14)
Measures of Central Tendency
44(8)
Mean
44(2)
Weighted Mean
46(1)
Mean of Grouped Data from a Frequency Distribution
47(3)
Median
50(1)
Mode
51(1)
How Does One Choose?
51(1)
Using Excel to Calculate Central Tendency
52(2)
Your Turn
54(3)
Calculating Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion
57(16)
Range
58(1)
Variance
58(4)
Using the Raw Score Method (When Grilling)
59(1)
The Variance of a Population
60(2)
Standard Deviation
62(1)
Calculating the Standard Deviation of Grouped Data
63(1)
The Empirical Rule: Working the Standard Deviation
64(2)
Chebyshev's Theorem
66(2)
Measures of Relative Position
68(1)
Quartiles
68(1)
Interquartile Range
69(1)
Using Excel to Calculate Measures of Dispersion
69(1)
Your Turn
70(3)
Part 2: Probability Topics
73(80)
Introduction to Probability
75(10)
What Is Probability?
76(3)
Classical Probability
76(1)
Empirical Probability
77(2)
Subjective Probability
79(1)
Basic Properties of Probability
79(1)
The Intersection of Events
80(2)
The Union of Events: A Marriage Made in Heaven
82(1)
Your Turn
83(2)
More Probability Stuff
85(12)
Conditional Probability
86(2)
Independent Versus Dependent Events
88(1)
Multiplication Rule of Probabilities
89(1)
Mutually Exclusive Events
90(1)
Addition Rule of Probabilities
91(2)
Summarizing Our Findings
93(1)
Bayes' Theorem
94(1)
Your Turn
94(3)
Counting Principles and Probability Distributions
97(16)
Counting Principles
98(6)
The Fundamental Counting Principle
98(1)
Permutations
99(2)
Combinations
101(2)
Using Excel to Calculate Permutations and Combinations
103(1)
Probability Distributions
104(6)
Random Variables
105(1)
Discrete Probability Distributions
106(1)
Rules for Discrete Probability Distributions
107(1)
The Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution
108(1)
The Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution
109(1)
Your Turn
110(3)
The Binomial Probability Distribution
113(10)
Characteristics of a Binomial Experiment
114(1)
The Binomial Probability Distribution
115(3)
Binomial Probability Tables
118(1)
Using Excel to Calculate Binomial Probabilities
119(1)
The Mean and Standard Deviation for the Binomial Distribution
120(1)
Your Turn
121(2)
The Poisson Probability Distribution
123(12)
Characteristics of a Poisson Process
124(1)
The Poisson Probability Distribution
125(3)
Poisson Probability Tables
128(2)
Using Excel to Calculate Poisson Probabilities
130(1)
Using the Poisson Distribution as an Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
131(2)
Your Turn
133(2)
The Normal Probability Distribution
135(18)
Characteristics of the Normal Probability Distribution
136(2)
Calculating Probabilities for the Normal Distribution
138(9)
Calculating the Standard Z-Score
138(2)
Using the Standard Normal Table
140(5)
The Empirical Rule Revisited
145(1)
Calculating Normal Probabilities Using Excel
146(1)
Using the Normal Distribution as an Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
147(3)
Your Turn
150(3)
Part 3: Inferential Statistics
153(108)
Sampling
155(12)
Why Sample?
156(1)
Random Sampling
157(6)
Simple Random Sampling
158(2)
Systematic Sampling
160(1)
Cluster Sampling
161(1)
Stratified Sampling
162(1)
Sampling Errors
163(1)
Examples of Poor Sampling Techniques
164(1)
Your Turn
165(2)
Sampling Distributions
167(18)
What Is a Sampling Distribution?
167(1)
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
168(4)
The Central Limit Theorem
172(2)
Standard Error of the Mean
174(1)
Why Does the Central Limit Theorem Work?
175(2)
Putting the Central Limit Theorem to Work
177(2)
Using the Central Limit Theorem with an Unknown Population Mean
179(1)
Sampling Distribution of the Proportion
180(3)
Calculating the Sample Proportion
181(1)
Calculating the Standard Error of the Proportion
182(1)
Your Turn
183(2)
Confidence Intervals
185(18)
Confidence Intervals for the Mean with Large Samples
186(8)
Estimators
186(1)
Confidence Levels
187(2)
Beware of the Interpretation of Confidence Interval!
189(1)
The Effect of Changing Confidence Levels
190(1)
The Effect of Changing Sample Size
191(1)
Determining Sample Size for the Mean
191(1)
Calculating a Confidence Interval When σ Is Unknown
192(1)
Using Excel's Confidence Function
193(1)
Confidence Intervals for the Mean with Small Samples
194(4)
When σ Is Known
194(1)
When σ Is Unknown
195(3)
Confidence Intervals for the Proportion with Large Samples
198(2)
Calculating the Confidence Interval for the Proportion
199(1)
Determining Sample Size for the Proportion
200(1)
Your Turn
200(3)
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
203(16)
Hypothesis Testing---the Basics
204(5)
The Null and Alternative Hypothesis
205(1)
Stating the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
206(1)
Two-Tail Hypothesis Test
206(2)
One-Tail Hypothesis Test
208(1)
Type I and Type II Errors
209(1)
Example of a Two-Tail Hypothesis Test
210(3)
Using the Scale of the Original Variable
211(1)
Using the Standardized Normal Scale
212(1)
Example of a One-Tail Hypothesis Test
213(3)
Your Turn
216(3)
Hypothesis Testing with One Sample
219(20)
Hypothesis Testing for the Mean with Large Samples
220(3)
When Sigma Is Known
220(1)
When Sigma Is Unknown
221(2)
The Role of Alpha in Hypothesis Testing
223(2)
Introducing the p-Value
225(2)
The p-Value for a One-Tail Test
225(1)
The p-Value for a Two-Tail Test
226(1)
Hypothesis Testing for the Mean with Small Samples
227(7)
When Sigma Is Known
228(1)
When Sigma Is Unknown
229(4)
Using Excel's TINV Function
233(1)
Hypothesis Testing for the Proportion with Large Samples
234(4)
One-Tail Hypothesis Test for the Proportion
234(2)
Two-Tail Hypothesis Test for the Proportion
236(2)
Your Turn
238(1)
Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples
239(22)
The Concept of Testing Two Populations
240(1)
Sampling Distribution for the Difference in Means
240(2)
Testing for Differences Between Means with Large Sample Sizes
242(3)
Testing a Difference Other Than Zero
245(1)
Testing for Differences Between Means with Small Sample Sizes and Unknown Sigma
246(4)
Equal Population Standard Deviations
247(2)
Unequal Population Standard Deviations
249(1)
Letting Excel Do the Grunt Work
250(2)
Testing for Differences Between Means with Dependent Samples
252(3)
Testing for Differences Between Proportions with Independent Samples
255(3)
Your Turn
258(3)
Part 4: Advanced Inferential Statistics
261(104)
The Chi-Square Probability Distribution
263(16)
Review of Data Measurement Scales
264(1)
The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
264(5)
Stating the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
265(1)
Observed Versus Expected Frequencies
266(1)
Calculating the Chi-Square Statistic
267(1)
Determining the Critical Chi-Square Score
267(1)
Using Excel's CHIINV Function
268(1)
Characteristics of a Chi-Square Distribution
269(1)
A Goodness-of-Fit Test with the Binomial Distribution
270(2)
Chi-Square Test for Independence
272(3)
Your Turn
275(4)
Analysis of Variance
279(14)
One-Way Analysis of Variance
280(1)
Completely Randomized ANOVA
281(6)
Partitioning the Sum of Squares
282(2)
Determining the Calculated F-Statistic
284(1)
Determining the Critical F-Statistic
285(2)
Using Excel's FINV Function
287(1)
Using Excel to Perform One-Way ANOVA
287(2)
Pairwise Comparisons
289(1)
Your Turn
290(3)
Correlation and Simple Regression
293(72)
Independent Versus Dependent Variables
294(1)
Correlation
295(18)
Correlation Coefficient
296(2)
Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient
298(1)
Using Excel to Calculate Correlation Coefficients
299(1)
Simple Regression
300(1)
The Least Squares Method
301(3)
Confidence Interval for the Regression Line
304(2)
Testing the Slope of the Regression Line
306(1)
The Coefficient of Determination
307(1)
Using Excel for Simple Regression
308(1)
A Simple Regression Example with Negative Correlation
309(4)
Assumptions for Simple Regression
313(1)
Simple Versus Multiple Regression
313(1)
Your Turn
313(2)
Appendixes
A Solutions to ``Your Turn''
315(26)
B Statistical Tables
341(16)
C Glossary
357(8)
Index 365

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