| Preface |
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xv | |
| Introduction |
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xvii | |
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Anatomy and Neuroanatomy of Speech Production |
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Basic Unit The Structural Mechanisms of Speech Production |
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2 | (22) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (6) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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19 | (3) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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22 | (2) |
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Advanced Unit The Neuroanatomical Bases of Speech Production |
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24 | (26) |
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24 | (1) |
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Major Divisions of the Nervous System |
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25 | (17) |
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Integrating the Systems: Neuromotor Control of Speech |
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42 | (5) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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47 | (3) |
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Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology |
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Basic Unit Basic perspectives in Articulation and Phonology |
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50 | (49) |
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51 | (3) |
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Quick Review of the Speech Production Mechanism |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (20) |
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Speech Production: A Dynamic Human Behavior |
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76 | (1) |
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Phonological Rules of a Language |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (14) |
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Clinical Distinction Between Articulation and Phonology |
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94 | (3) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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97 | (2) |
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Advanced Unit Advanced Perspectives in Articulation and Phonology |
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99 | (21) |
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Aerodynamic Aspects of Speech |
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99 | (3) |
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Acoustic Aspects of Speech |
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102 | (2) |
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Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech |
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104 | (4) |
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Varied Phonological Theories |
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108 | (4) |
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Evaluation and Clinical Implications of Phonological Theories |
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112 | (3) |
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The Clinician and the Theoretician |
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115 | (1) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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116 | (4) |
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Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills |
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Basic Unit Normal Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills from Infancy Through the Early School Years |
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120 | (43) |
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Prelingusitic Development |
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121 | (12) |
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From Babbling to Meaningful Speech: The Transition Period |
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133 | (1) |
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Development of Meaningful Speech: The First Real Words |
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134 | (2) |
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Development of the Sound System |
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136 | (14) |
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150 | (8) |
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158 | (1) |
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Development in the School Years: Phonological Awareness and the Acquisition of Reading |
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159 | (1) |
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Bilingual and Ethnocultural Variables in the Development of Articulation and Phonological Skills |
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160 | (1) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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161 | (2) |
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Advanced Unit Theories of Articulation and Phonological Development |
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163 | (13) |
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Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Speech Perception and Discrimination Research |
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163 | (1) |
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Theories of Articulation and Phonological Development |
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164 | (6) |
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Comparative Evaluation of Linguistic and Behavioral Explanations |
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170 | (3) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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173 | (3) |
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Variables Associated with Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance |
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Basic Unit Variables Related to Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance |
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176 | (18) |
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Anatomic, Neurologic, and Physiologic Factors |
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176 | (6) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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192 | (2) |
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Advanced Unit Research on Variables Associated with Articulation and Phonological Development |
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194 | (10) |
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Logical and Conceptual Problem |
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194 | (5) |
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199 | (1) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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200 | (4) |
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Ethnocultural Variables Affecting Articulation and Phonological Development |
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Basic Unit Ehtnocultural Variables of Articulation and Phonological Development |
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204 | (38) |
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206 | (9) |
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Native American Languages |
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215 | (5) |
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220 | (8) |
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Asian and Pacific Islander Languages |
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228 | (10) |
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Guidelines on Working with Children Who Have Dual Phonological Repertoire |
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238 | (2) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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240 | (2) |
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Advanced Unit Theoretical and Clinical Issues in Bilingual Phonology |
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242 | (11) |
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Theoretical Issues in Bilingual Phonology |
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242 | (6) |
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Clinical Issues in Bilingual Phonology |
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248 | (2) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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250 | (3) |
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Assessment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders |
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Basic Unit General Assessment Procedures with Articulation and Phonological Disorders |
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253 | (76) |
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General Principles of Assessment |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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Conducting a Speech Screening |
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258 | (4) |
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262 | (7) |
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Performing an Orofacial Examination |
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269 | (9) |
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Conducting a Hearing Screening |
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278 | (1) |
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Administration Standardized Articulation and Phonological Tests |
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279 | (13) |
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Collecting a Connected Speech Sample |
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292 | (5) |
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Conducting Stimulability Testing |
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297 | (1) |
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Performing Contextual Testing |
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298 | (2) |
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Speech Discrimination Testing |
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300 | (1) |
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Analyzing and Interpreting the Assessment Information |
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301 | (16) |
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317 | (3) |
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Determining the Prognosis for Improvement |
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320 | (3) |
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Making Treatment Recommendations |
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323 | (1) |
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Conducting an Information-Giving Interview |
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324 | (1) |
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Writing a Diagnostic Report |
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325 | (1) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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326 | (3) |
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Advanced Unit Description and Assessment of Various Organic and Neurogenic Speech Disorders |
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329 | (50) |
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Apraxia of Speech in Adults |
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239 | (97) |
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Development Apraxia of Speech |
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336 | (6) |
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342 | (15) |
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357 | (6) |
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363 | (6) |
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369 | (6) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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375 | (4) |
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Treatment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders |
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Basic Unit Basic Principles and Procedures in the Treatment of Articulation and Phonological Disorders |
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379 | (76) |
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Selecting Potential Target Behaviors |
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380 | (13) |
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Deciding on the Number of Sounds or Patters To Teach |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (3) |
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Determining the Linguistic Level of Training and Preparing Appropriate Stimulus Materials |
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398 | (3) |
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Developing Measurable Objectives |
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401 | (3) |
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Planning and Developing a Treatment Program |
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404 | (2) |
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Establishing the Motor Production of Sounds |
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406 | (4) |
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Increasing and Strengthening Established Behaviors |
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410 | (20) |
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Probing for Generalized Responses |
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430 | (5) |
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Implementing a Maintenance Program |
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435 | (8) |
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Dismissing the Client from Therapy, Performing Follow-Up Assessments, and Providing Booster Therapy |
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443 | (1) |
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Using Specific Treatment Activities |
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444 | (4) |
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Assessing and Treating Phonological Awareness Skills in School-Age Children: A Basic Introduction to the Topic |
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448 | (4) |
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Summary of the Basic Unit |
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452 | (3) |
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Advanced Unit Treatment of Various Organic and Neurogenic Speech Disorders |
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455 | (74) |
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455 | (8) |
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Development Apraxia of Speech |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (2) |
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467 | (2) |
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469 | (3) |
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472 | (1) |
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Summary of the Advanced Unit |
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473 | (4) |
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Specific Treatment Programs and Approaches |
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477 | (9) |
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486 | (8) |
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Multiple-Phoneme Approach |
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494 | (6) |
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500 | (4) |
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Programmed Conditioning for Articulation: A Behavioral Approach |
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504 | (6) |
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Distinctive Feature Approach |
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510 | (4) |
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514 | (5) |
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Phonological Knowledge Approach |
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519 | (4) |
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Contrast Therapy Approach |
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523 | (3) |
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Research Support and Further Research Needs |
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526 | (3) |
| References |
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529 | (22) |
| Appendixes |
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551 | (102) |
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Appendix A: Muscles and Nerves Involved in the Production of English Consonants |
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552 | (13) |
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Appendix B: The International Phonetic Alphabet |
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565 | (2) |
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Appendix C: Definition of Other Phonological Processes |
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567 | (2) |
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Appendix D: Passages for Screenings with Older Children and Adults |
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569 | (4) |
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Appendix E: Sample Referral Letter to an Audiologist |
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573 | (2) |
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Appendix F: Words and Sentences for Stimulability Testing |
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575 | (6) |
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Appendix G: Worksheet for Traditional analysis: Types of Errors |
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581 | (2) |
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Appendix H: Worksheet for Place, Voicing, Manner (PVM) Analysis |
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583 | (4) |
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Appendix I: Worksheet for Identifying Phonological Processes |
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587 | (2) |
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Appendix J: Sample Diagnostic Reports |
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589 | (8) |
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Appendix K: Baseline Data Sheet |
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597 | (2) |
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Appendix L: Sample Treatment Plans |
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599 | (8) |
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Appendix M: Sound-Evoking Techniques for English Consonants |
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607 | (42) |
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Appendix N: Treatment Recording Sheet |
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649 | (2) |
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Appendix O: Probe Recording Sheet |
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651 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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653 | (28) |
| Index |
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681 | (8) |
| About the Authors |
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689 | |