For Argument's Sake : A Guide to Writing Effective Arguments,9780321245090

For Argument's Sake : A Guide to Writing Effective Arguments

by
Edition: 5th
ISBN13: 9780321245090
ISBN10: 0321245091
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-01-01
Publisher(s): SCHOLG
List Price: $57.12

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Table of Contents

Preface xiii
An Introduction to Argument
1(11)
An Extended Definition
1(2)
The Classes of Argument
3(1)
Argument Through Image
4(1)
The Argument Process
4(3)
Forming the Argument
5(1)
Supporting the Claim
6(1)
Reviewing the Argument
6(1)
Reading Arguments
7(2)
Reading as Evaluation
8(1)
Additional Hints for Reading Critically
9(1)
Conclusion
9(3)
Summary: An Introduction to Argument
10(1)
Suggestions for Writing (1.1)
10(2)
Where Writing Begins: Motives and Audience
12(10)
Motives for Writing
12(3)
The Value of Dissonance
13(1)
Writing Arguments That Are Meaningful to You
14(1)
Activities (2.1)
15(1)
The Importance of Audience
15(7)
Who Is the Audience?
15(2)
Activities (2.2)
17(1)
Why Will the Audience Read the Argument?
18(1)
Activities (2.3)
18(1)
What Should the Audience Be Able to Do After Reading the Argument?
19(1)
Activities (2.4)
19(1)
Summary: Where Writing Begins
20(1)
Suggestions for Writing (2.5)
20(2)
The Claim
22(19)
How Claims Work
22(7)
Finding a Claim
23(2)
Keeping Your Working Claim Flexible
25(1)
Activities (3.1)
26(1)
Positioning the Claim
27(1)
Claim Stated Up Front
27(1)
Claim Stated at the End of the Argument
28(1)
Unstated Claim in an Argument
28(1)
Activities (3.2)
29(1)
Classifying Your Claim
29(12)
Factual Claims
29(2)
Activities (3.3)
31(1)
Causal Claims
31(1)
Activities (3.4)
32(1)
Evaluations
33(2)
Activities (3.5)
35(1)
Recommendations
35(1)
Activities (3.6)
36(1)
Combination Claims
37(1)
Activities (3.7)
38(1)
Summary: The Claim
39(1)
Suggestions for Writing (3.8)
40(1)
An Argument's Support
41(25)
Some Varieties of Support
42(4)
Secondary Claims
42(1)
Activities (4.1)
43(1)
Comparisons
43(1)
Appeals to Authority
43(1)
Appeals to Audience Needs and Values
44(1)
Activities (4.2)
44(1)
Addressing the Counterargument
44(2)
Supporting Your Argument Visually
46(11)
Charts
47(6)
Tables
53(1)
Pictorial Images
54(3)
Activities (4.3)
57(1)
Arranging Your Argument's Support
57(2)
Activities (4.4)
58(1)
Definitions
59(7)
When to Define
60(1)
Types of Definitions
61(3)
Activities (4.5)
64(1)
Summary: An Argument's Support
64(1)
Suggestions for Writing (4.6)
65(1)
Making Reasonable Arguments: Formal and Informal Logic
66(17)
Formal Logic
66(7)
Induction
67(1)
Deduction
68(4)
Activities (5.1)
72(1)
The Toulmin Model: a Modern Variant of Formal Logic
73(2)
Activities (5.2)
75(1)
Informal Fallacies
75(8)
Ad Hominem Argument
76(1)
Ad Populum Argument
76(1)
Circular Argument
76(1)
Distraction
76(1)
Either-Or Argument
77(1)
Emotive Language
77(1)
False Analogy
77(1)
Hasty Generalization
77(1)
Non Sequitur
78(1)
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
78(1)
Slippery Slope
78(1)
Strawperson Argument
78(1)
Activities (5.3)
79(1)
Summary: Making Reasonable Arguments: Formal and Informal Logic
79(3)
Suggestions for Writing (5.4)
82(1)
Arguing Facts
83(20)
What is a Fact?
84(1)
Supporting Facts Reported by Primary and Secondary Sources
85(4)
Evaluating Print Sources
86(1)
Evaluating Electronic Sources
86(1)
Citing the Source in Your Text
87(1)
Activities (6.1)
88(1)
Supporting Personally Experienced Facts
89(1)
Describing the Experience
89(1)
Establishing Your Own Credibility
89(1)
Supporting Factual Generalizations
90(4)
Applying the Principles of Induction
91(2)
Activities (6.2)
93(1)
Statistics
94(3)
Activities (6.3)
96(1)
Summary: Arguing Facts
97(1)
Two Sample Factual Arguments
97(6)
Suggestions for Writing (6.4)
101(2)
Arguing Cause
103(23)
Determining Cause
103(5)
Brainstorming for Possible Causes
104(1)
Activities (7.1)
105(1)
Necessary and Sufficient Causes
105(1)
Identifying Sufficient Causes
106(1)
Applying the Toulmin Model
107(1)
Activities (7.2)
107(1)
Distinguishing Among Sufficient Causes
108(2)
Method of Agreement
108(1)
Method of Difference
109(1)
Method of Proportional Correlation
109(1)
Activities (7.3)
110(1)
Causal Chains
110(1)
Contributing Factors
111(1)
Activities (7.4)
111(1)
Summary: Determining Cause
112(1)
Supporting Causal Claims
112(4)
Establishing Factuality
113(1)
Identifying an Acceptable Motivation
113(1)
Describing the Process of Validation
113(2)
Qualifying Your Argument
115(1)
Activities (7.5)
115(1)
Summary: Supporting Causal Claims
116(1)
Arguing Effects
116(4)
Determining and Supporting a Probable Effect
117(2)
Activities (7.6)
119(1)
Summary: Determining and Arguing a Probable Effect
120(1)
Two Sample Causal Arguments
120(6)
Suggestions for Writing (7.7)
124(2)
Arguing Evaluations
126(29)
Evaluative Subjects and Terms
126(1)
Activities (8.1)
127(1)
Establishing the Definition of the Evaluative Term
127(4)
Presenting the Definition
128(1)
Activities (8.2)
129(1)
Arguing the Definition
129(1)
Ranking the Qualities in Your Definition
130(1)
Activities (8.3)
131(1)
Arguing the Evaluation
131(2)
Testing Your Evaluation Through the Syllogism
133(1)
Activities (8.4)
133(1)
Further Methods of Supporting Evaluations
133(1)
Identification of Effect
133(1)
Appeal to Authority
134(1)
Comparison
134(1)
Activities (8.5)
134(1)
The Varieties of Evaluations
134(10)
Ethical Evaluations
135(1)
Activities (8.6)
136(1)
Aesthetic Evaluations
136(2)
Activities (8.7)
138(1)
Functional Evaluations
138(1)
Activities (8.8)
139(1)
Interpretations
140(3)
Activities (8.9)
143
Summary: Arguing Evaluations
114(30)
Sample Ethical Evaluation
144(6)
Sample Interpretation
150(5)
Suggestions for Writing (8.10)
154(1)
Arguing Recommendations
155(21)
Audience Needs and Values
156(3)
When Your Values Differ from Assumed Reader Values
156(2)
Activities (9.1)
158(1)
Recommendations Emphasizing the Present
159(2)
Establishing the Current Situation
159(1)
Evaluating the Current Situation
159(1)
Applying the Toulmin Model
160(1)
Activities (9.2)
161(1)
Recommendations Emphasizing the Future
161(7)
Presenting the Recommendation
161(3)
Activities (9.3)
164(1)
Arguing the Effects of Your Recommendation
164(1)
Activities (9.4)
165(1)
Judging Effects in Terms of Assumed Needs and Values
165(2)
Applying the Toulmin Model
167(1)
Activities (9.5)
168(1)
Recommendations That Consider Present and Future
168(2)
Summary: Arguing Recommendations
169(1)
Two Sample Recommendations
170(6)
Suggestions for Writing (9.6)
175(1)
Writing and Image
176(12)
The Role of Voice
177(2)
The Importance of Ethos
177(2)
Activities (10.1)
179(1)
The Virtues and Limitations of Plain Writing
179(1)
Figures of Speech
180(3)
Some Cautions About Figures of Speech
182(1)
Activities (10.2)
182(1)
Connotative Language and Slanting
183(1)
Activities (10.3)
184(1)
The Music of Language
184(4)
Activities (10.4)
185(1)
Summary: Writing and Image
186(1)
Suggestions for Writing (10.5)
187(1)
Introductions and Conclusions
188(12)
Introductions
188(4)
Strategies for General Introductions
189(1)
Introductions in Professional Writing
190(1)
General Suggestions About Introductions
191(1)
Activities (11.1)
192(1)
Conclusions
192(3)
Types of Conclusions
193(2)
Summaries
195(5)
Activities (11.2)
198(1)
Summary: Introductions and Conclusions
198(1)
Suggestions for Writing (11.3)
199(1)
Revising
200(13)
Writing a First Draft, Revising, and Editing
200(1)
Some Suggestions for Successful Revising
201(4)
Suggestion 1: Give Yourself Some Breathing Space
201(1)
Suggestion 2: Avoid the Red Pen
202(1)
Suggestion 3: Review Your Original Purpose and Audience
202(1)
Suggestion 4: Review Your Organization
202(1)
Suggestion 5: Review Your Argument's Coherence
203(1)
Suggestion 6: Review Your Style
203(1)
Suggestion 7: Review Your Argument for Faulty Reasoning
204(1)
Suggestion 8: Use a Word Processor
204(1)
Activities (12.1)
204(1)
Summary: Revising
205(1)
An Example of Revision
205(8)
Activities (12.2)
211(1)
Suggestions for Writing (12.3)
212(1)
Credits 213(2)
Index 215

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