Analytical Advances for Hydrocarbon Research,9780306474767

Analytical Advances for Hydrocarbon Research

by
ISBN13: 9780306474767
ISBN10: 030647476X
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-01-01
Publisher(s): Kluwer Academic Pub
List Price: $167.99

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Summary

Determining the composition and properties of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in petroleum, synthetic fuels, and petrochemical products usually requires a battery of analytical techniques that detect and measure specific features of the molecules, such as boiling point, mass, nuclear magnetic resonance frequencies, etc. there have always been a need for new and improved analytical technology to better understand hydrocarbon chemistry and processes. This book provides an overview of recent advances and future challenges in modern analytical techniques that are commonly used in hydrocarbon applications. Experts in each of the areas covered have reviewed the state of the art, thus creating a book that will be useful to readers at all levels in academic, industry, and research institutions.

Table of Contents

Estimation of Physical Properties and Composition of Hydrocarbon Mixtures
M. R. Raizi
Introduction
1(3)
Pure Hydrocarbons
4(6)
Generalized Correlations for Physical Properties
5(3)
Properties of Heavy Hydrocarbons
8(2)
Properties of Petroleum Fractions
10(4)
Composition of Petroleum Fractions
14(8)
Characterization Parameters for Molecular Type
15(3)
Development of Predictive Methods
18(2)
Prediction of Sulfur Content and Carbon Residue
20(2)
Summary
22(1)
Nomenclature
23(1)
References
24(3)
Advances in Elemental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Products
R. A. Kishore Nadkarni
Introduction
27(5)
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
32(3)
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)
34(1)
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICPAES)
35(3)
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS)
38(3)
Overview of Atomic Spectroscopic Methods
41(1)
Ion Chromatography (IC)
42(1)
Microelemental Analysis
43(1)
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
44(2)
Radiochemical NAA
45(1)
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
46(3)
Analysis of Used Oils
49(2)
Sulfur
51(2)
Concluding Remarks
53(1)
References
54(3)
Selective Detection of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds in Low Boiling Petroleum Streams by Gas Chromatography
Birbal Chawla
Background
57(1)
Sulfur Compounds in Light Streams
58(8)
Instrumentation
59(1)
Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detection System
60(1)
Gas Chromatography
61(1)
Identification of Sulfur Compounds
62(3)
Quantitation of Sulfur Compounds
65(1)
Nitrogen Compounds in Light Streams
66(5)
Instrumentation
66(1)
Principle of Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection
67(1)
Gas Chromatography
67(4)
Quantitation of Nitrogen Compounds
71(1)
Future Work
71(1)
References
71(2)
Molecular Characterization of Petroleum and Its Fractions by Mass Spectrometry
Aaron Mendez
Jenny Bruzual
Introduction
73(1)
Low Resolution/High Ionizing Voltage Mass Spectrometric Analysis
74(3)
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
77(4)
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
81(4)
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
85(2)
Future Trends
87(3)
References
90(5)
Thin-Layer Chromatography for Hydrocarbon Characterization in Petroleum Middle Distillates
V. L. Cebolla
L. Membrado
M. Matt
E. M. Galvez
M. P. Domingo
Analysis of Petroleum Middle Distillates
95(2)
Introduction to Modern Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
97(3)
Advantages of TLC for the Analysis of Complex Mixtures
98(1)
Previous Research Done on TLC of Petroleum Products
99(1)
Materials, Methods and TLC Systems Used in this Research
100(3)
Samples Analyzed
100(1)
Stationary Phases
100(1)
Preparation of Berberine-Impregnated Silica Gel Plates
100(1)
Application of Samples
100(1)
Automatic Sample Spotter
100(1)
Band-sprayer Sample Applicator
101(1)
Elution of Samples
101(1)
Conventional Vertical Elution
101(1)
Horizontal Developing Chamber
101(1)
Detection by Densitometry
102(1)
TLC Systems Used
102(1)
Conventional TLC System
102(1)
High-Efficiency TLC System
102(1)
Quantification
102(1)
Preparative TLC
103(1)
Validation of Results
103(1)
Application of TLC to Characterization of Middle Distillates
103(8)
Phenomenon of Fluorescence Induced by Berberine in TLC
103(2)
HTA of Middle Distillates Using Conventional TLC System
105(3)
HTA of Gas Oils Using High-Efficiency TLC System
108(3)
Conclusions and Future Trends
111(1)
Acknowledgements
111(1)
References
112(1)
Chromatographic Analysis of Fuels
Frank P. Di Sanzo
Analysis of Naphthas/Motor Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
113(21)
Introduction
113(1)
Classification of GC Methods for Naphtha Analysis
114(1)
Terminology
115(1)
Single Capillary Methods
115(3)
``Pressurized'' Naphtha Samples
118(2)
Multidimensional Methods
120(6)
Combination of Micropacked/Packed PIONA and Single Capillary Column Analyses
126(1)
Capillary Column Multidimensional Systems
127(5)
Comprehensive Two-dimensional GC (2D-GC)
132(1)
Other GC Methods for Blended Gasoline Analysis
133(1)
Analyses of Naphtha, Motor Gasolines, Jet Fuels, Diesel Fuels and Higher Petroleum Fractions by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC)
134(10)
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (gasolines, jet fuels and diesel fuels)
134(4)
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for Higher Boiling Petroleum Fractions (Lube Feeds/Products, Vacuum Gas Oils)
138(3)
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for Lower Boiling Petroleum Fractions (Jet Fuels, Diesels)
141(1)
Characterization of High Boiling Petroleum Fractions by Thin Layer Chromatography with FID Detection (TLC-FID)
142(2)
References
144(3)
Temperature-Programmed Retention Indices for GC and GC-MS of Hydrocarbon Fuels and Simulated Distillation GC of Heavy Oils
Chunshan Song
Wei-Chuan Lai
K. Madhusudan Reddy
Boli Wei
Introduction
147(4)
Experimental
151(5)
Reagents and Fuels
151(1)
Retention Index
151(1)
Chromatographic Separation of Distillate Fuels
152(1)
Solvent Extraction of Petroleum Resids
153(1)
High-temperature Simulated Distillation GC
153(1)
Quantitative Calculations from SimDis GC Data
154(1)
Hydroprocessing of Resids
155(1)
Results and Discussion
156(49)
GC and GC-MS of Distillate Fuels
156(1)
Retention Index of Model Compounds
156(6)
Temperature Dependence of Retention Index
162(6)
Dependence of Retention Index on Polarity of GC Column
168(3)
Characterization of JP-8 Jet Fuels Using RI
171(5)
Potential Applications of Temperature-Programmed RI
176(2)
SimDis GC and GC-MS of Middle Distillate Fuels
178(15)
High-Temperature SimDis GC for Petroleum Resids
193(1)
High-Temperature SimDis GC Method
193(4)
HT-SimDis GC Analysis of Resids
197(3)
Analysis of Upgraded Products
200(5)
Conclusions
205(2)
Acknowledgements
207(1)
References
207(4)
Mass Spectrometric Analyses for Elemental Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds in Petroleum Products and Crude Oils
Vincent P. Nero
Introduction
211(1)
Analysis for Elemental Sulfur by Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry
212(2)
Analysis of Thiophenic Compounds in Petroleum Streams by Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry
214(3)
Monitoring Thioaromatics in Refinery Processes
217(3)
Monitoring Reaction Products of Elemental Sulfur with Hydrocarbons
220(2)
Summary
222(1)
References
222(1)
Biomarker Analysis in Petroleum Exploration
C. S. Hsu
C. C. Walters
G. H. Isaksen
M. E. Schaps
K. E. Peters
Introduction
223(2)
Biological Markers in Oils
225(8)
Biomarker Analysis by GC and GC-MS
233(5)
GC-MS-MS Analysis of Steranes
238(4)
Principal Component Analysis of GC-MS and GC-MS-MS Data
242(1)
Future Prospectives
243(2)
References
245(2)
Applications of Light Hydrocarbon Molecular and Isotopic Compositions in Oil and Gas Exploration
Clifford C. Walters
Gary H. Isaksen
Kenneth E. Peters
Introduction
247(2)
Methods of Analysis
249(7)
Gas Chromatography of Light Hydrocarbons (C2-C9+)
250(2)
C6-C7 Chromatographic Separations
252(2)
Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis (CSIA)
254(2)
Applications of Light Hydrocarbons to Petroleum Systems Analysis
256(7)
Thermal Maturity
257(3)
Oil-condensate Correlations
260(1)
Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR)
261(2)
Future Directions
263(1)
Acknowledgements
264(1)
References
264(3)
Coupling Mass Spectrometry with Liquid Chromatography for Hydrocarbon Research
Chang Samuel Hsu
Introduction
267(2)
Mass Spectrometry Review
269(1)
LC-MS Interfaces
270(3)
Moving Belt (MB) Interface
270(2)
Thermospray (TSP)
272(1)
Electrospray (ESP)
272(1)
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)
273(1)
Homologous Z-Series for Elemental Composition Determination
273(1)
LC-MS for Petroleum Fractions
273(9)
Saturates
274(1)
Aromatics
274(6)
Polars
280(1)
Resids
281(1)
Future Trends
282(1)
References
283(2)
Advanced Molecular Characterization by Mass Spectrometry: Applications for Petroleum and Petrochemicals
S. G. Roussis
J. W. Fedora
W. P. Fitzgerald
A. S. Cameron
R. Proulx
Introduction
285(1)
Application Areas
286(1)
Crude Assays
287(10)
Unseparated Fractions
287(1)
Whole Crude Oils
288(2)
Saturated Hydrocarbon Fractions
290(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fractions
291(4)
Olefins
295(2)
Corrosion
297(4)
Sulfur Compound Types
297(1)
Organic Acids
298(2)
Nitrogen Compounds
300(1)
Additives and Contaminants
301(4)
Asphalts and Non-Boiling Fractions
305(1)
Polymers and Residues
306(2)
Conclusion and Future Challenges
308(2)
References
310(3)
Chromatographic Separation and Atmospheric Pressure Ionization/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Containing Compounds in Crude Oils
Walter E. Rudzinski
NSO Compounds in Crude Oil
313(1)
General Separation Methods for Crude Oil and Related Products
314(6)
Distillation
314(1)
Adsorption Chromatography
315(2)
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
317(1)
Mass Spectrometry
317(3)
Methods for NSO Compounds
320(13)
Separation of Acids
320(3)
Atmospheric Pressure Ionization/Mass Spectrometry of Naphthenic Acids
323(2)
Separation of Nitrogen and Oxygen Compounds
325(1)
Atmospheric Pressure Ionization/Mass Spectrometry of Nitrogen-containing Compounds
326(1)
Separation of Organosulfur Compounds
327(3)
Atmospheric Pressure Ionization/Mass Spectrometry of Organosulfur Compounds
330(3)
Acknowledgements
333(1)
References
333(4)
Characterization of Heavy Oils and Heavy Ends
Lante Carbognani
Joussef Espidel
Silvia Colaiocco
Introduction
337(3)
Heavy Oils/Heavy Ends Separation and Characterization Schemes
340(11)
Chemical Methods
341(1)
Hyphenated Techniques
342(2)
Selective/Specific Element Detection
344(1)
Fraction Separation
345(2)
Mathematical Algorithms
347(2)
Other Characterization Schemes for HC, XHC and Heavy Ends
349(2)
Illustrative Examples on the Characterization of HC, XHC and Heavy Ends
351(11)
SARA Group-type Analysis
352(3)
Studies on XHC and Isolated ABAN Fractions. One Application of Average Molecular Representations
355(4)
Estimation of Crude Oil and Heavy Ends Quality Parameters Using Neural Network Algorithms
359(3)
Conclusions
362(1)
Acknowledgements
362(1)
Glossary of Frequent Referred Terms
362(1)
References
363(6)
Advances in NMR Techniques for Hydrocarbon Characterization
Gordon J. Kennedy
Introduction
369(1)
Discussion
370(13)
Availability of Higher Magnetic Field Strengths Provides Increased Sensitivity and Resolution
370(1)
Improvements in Sensitivity form Higher Magnetic Fields and New Probe Designs Facilitate Further Development of On-line Coupling with Separation Techniques
371(3)
``Chromatography in a NMR Tube'': - Spectral Editing with Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) Techniques Improves Analysis of Hydrocarbon Mixtures
374(9)
Conclusions and Future Prospects
383(1)
Acknowledgements
383(1)
References
383(2)
Analysis of Polymeric Hydrocarbon Materials by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry
Stephen F. Macha
Patrick A. Limbach
Introduction
385(1)
MALDI-MS
386(9)
Overview
386(1)
Sample Preparation
386(1)
Desorption/Ionization Process
386(1)
Mass Analyzer
387(2)
Advantages of Using MALDI
389(1)
Matrix Requirements
390(1)
MALDI and Nonpolar Analytes
391(1)
Analyte/Matrix Miscibility
391(1)
Solvents
392(1)
Cationization of Polymers in MALDI
393(2)
Synthetic Polymers as MALDI Analytes
395(1)
Polymer Distribution
395(1)
Matrices for Polymer Analysis
396(6)
Nonpolar Matrices
397(1)
Nonpolar Matrices with Cationization Reagents
398(3)
Ag vs. Cu Cationizatin Reagents
401(1)
Conclusions
402(1)
References
403(2)
Laser Desorption/Ionization (LDI)- and MALDI-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometric (FT/ICR/MS) Analysis of Hydrocarbon Samples
Chad L. Robins
Stephen F. Macha
Victor E. Vandell
Patrick A. Limbach
Introduction
405(1)
FT/ICR/MS Overview
405(4)
Fundamentals of Ion Motion
405(3)
Experimental Sequence
408(1)
LDI-FT/ICR/MS Analysis of Porphyrins
409(1)
Sample Preparation
409(1)
Thin Films
409(4)
Crystalline Sample Preparation
413(2)
MALDI-FT/ICR/MS Analysis of Nonpolar Analytes
415(4)
Acknowledgements
419(1)
References
419(2)
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Their Chemistry
Josef Hormes
Hartwig Modrow
Introduction
421(4)
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: Theoretical Background
425(6)
Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)
425(1)
X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES)
426(5)
Experimental Techniques
431(2)
XANES Spectroscopy and Microspectroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge
433(5)
Sulfur-Crosslinks in Rubber
438(6)
Catalyst for Hydrocarbon Synthesis and Catalytic Reactions
444(7)
Acknowledgement
451(1)
References
451(4)
Index 455

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