About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
Part 1 Introductory Material |
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1 | (12) |
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Purpose and Use of Citations |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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4 | (1) |
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Organization within Each Part of This Book |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Footnotes Versus Endnotes |
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7 | (1) |
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Citing Sources Not Covered in This Book |
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7 | (1) |
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Sources for Additional Information |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Web Site for Updates and Frequently Asked Questions |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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How Your Word Processor May Affect Citations |
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9 | (4) |
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9 | (1) |
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Default Settings and Quick Correct Features |
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10 | (3) |
Part 2 Citation Basics |
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13 | (42) |
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15 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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When to Use Ordinary Type in Citations |
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15 | (1) |
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When to Use Italics in Citations |
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15 | (1) |
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Typeface for Punctuation in Citations |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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Spacing for Abbreviations |
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17 | (2) |
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Authorities Referred to in Textual Sentences |
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19 | (2) |
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Spelling and Capitalization |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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Other Capitalization and Spelling Rules |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (4) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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Importance of Using Pinpoint References |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Using Hyphens, En Dashes, and ``to'' for Spans |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (6) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Inserting the Symbols for Sections and Paragraphs |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Subsections and Subparagraphs |
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30 | (1) |
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Distinguishing Sections from Subsections |
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31 | (1) |
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Citing Consecutive Sections or Paragraphs |
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31 | (1) |
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Citing Scattered Sections or Paragraphs |
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32 | (1) |
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Citing Consecutive Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph |
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32 | (1) |
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Citing Scattered Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph |
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33 | (1) |
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Citing Multiple Subdivisions within Multiple Sections or Paragraphs |
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33 | (1) |
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Referring to Sections and Paragraphs in Textual Material |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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Citing Material Found Only in a Supplement |
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37 | (1) |
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Citing Material Found Only in the Main Volume |
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37 | (1) |
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Citing Material in Both the Main Volume and a Supplement |
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37 | (2) |
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Graphical Material, Appendices, and Other Subdivisions |
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39 | (4) |
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Citing Graphical Material |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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Internal Cross-References |
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43 | (4) |
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43 | (1) |
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Material That May Be Cross-Referenced |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Format for Internal Cross-References |
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44 | (3) |
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45 | (2) |
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Introduction to Full and Short Citation Formats |
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47 | (8) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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48 | (3) |
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Supra as a Short Citation |
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51 | (4) |
Part 3 Citing Specific Print Sources |
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55 | (214) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (40) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (8) |
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Distinguishing Case Names from Party Names |
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59 | (5) |
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Public Official Named as a Party |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (6) |
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Explanation of Commonly Used Procedural Phrases |
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67 | (1) |
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Common Reporter Abbreviations |
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68 | (2) |
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Early Supreme Court Reporters |
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70 | (1) |
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Locating Parallel Citations |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (4) |
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Information about Denials of Certiorari |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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Additional Rules Concerning Subsequent and Prior History |
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81 | (2) |
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Parenthetical Information |
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83 | (2) |
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Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Other Judicial Officials |
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85 | (1) |
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Cases Published Only on LEXIS or Westlaw |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Cases Published Only in a Looseleaf Service |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Court Rules Prohibiting or Limiting Citation of Unreported Cases in Briefs |
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90 | (1) |
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Early Federal Circuit Cases |
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91 | (1) |
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Court Documents, Transcripts, and Records |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (7) |
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Fast Formats: Constitutions |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (4) |
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98 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Constitutions Currently in Force |
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98 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Constitutions No Longer in Force |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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Referring to Constitutions in Text |
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100 | (1) |
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Fast Formats: Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws |
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101 | (1) |
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Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws |
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102 | (12) |
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102 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Statutes Currently in Force |
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102 | (4) |
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Date of United States Code |
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105 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Statutes No Longer in Force |
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106 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Statutes |
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106 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal and State Statutes |
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107 | (1) |
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Referring to Statutes in Text |
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107 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws Currently in Force |
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108 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws No Longer in Force |
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110 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Session Laws |
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110 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal and State Session Laws |
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111 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Slip Laws |
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111 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Slip Laws |
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112 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal and State Slip Laws |
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112 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Other Federal Legislative Materials |
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113 | (1) |
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Other Federal Legislative Materials |
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114 | (21) |
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Full Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions |
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114 | (3) |
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115 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions |
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117 | (1) |
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Enacted Bills and Joint Resolutions |
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118 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions |
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118 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions |
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119 | (1) |
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Proposed House and Senate Amendments |
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119 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Congressional Hearings |
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119 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for Congressional Hearings |
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122 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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123 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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126 | (1) |
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Unnumbered Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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126 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873 |
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127 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873 |
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129 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873 |
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130 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873 |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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United States Code Congressional and Administrative News |
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132 | (1) |
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Declaration of Independence |
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132 | (1) |
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Other Legislative Materials |
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133 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Other State Legislative Materials |
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134 | (1) |
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Other State Legislative Materials |
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135 | (16) |
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Full Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions |
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135 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions |
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138 | (1) |
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State Enacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions |
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139 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings |
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139 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings |
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141 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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142 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints |
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145 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Legislative Debates |
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145 | (3) |
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Short Citation Format for State Legislative Debates |
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148 | (1) |
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State Legislative Journals |
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148 | (1) |
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Other State Legislative Materials |
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148 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics |
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150 | (1) |
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Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics |
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151 | (4) |
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Full Citation Format for Rules Currently in Force |
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151 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Rules No Longer in Force |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Local Ordinances |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format for Codified Ordinances |
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155 | (2) |
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Locating Ordinances on the Internet |
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156 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Uncodified Ordinances |
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157 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Codified and Uncodified Ordinances |
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158 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Federal Administrative and Executive Materials |
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159 | (1) |
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Federal Administrative and Executive Materials |
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160 | (14) |
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Full Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations |
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160 | (2) |
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Determining the Date of Current C.F.R. Volumes |
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161 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations |
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162 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Federal Register |
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162 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Federal Register |
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163 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Agency Decisions |
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164 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Agency Decisions |
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165 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions |
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166 | (1) |
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Purpose of Attorney General Opinions |
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166 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions |
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167 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans |
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168 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Other Presidential Documents |
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171 | (1) |
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Other Administrative and Executive Materials |
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171 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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Fast Formats: State Administrative and Executive Materials |
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173 | (1) |
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State Administrative and Executive Materials |
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174 | (5) |
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Full Citation for State Administrative Codes |
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174 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Administrative Codes |
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174 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Administrative Registers |
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174 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Administrative Registers |
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175 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Agency Decisions |
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175 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Agency Decisions |
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175 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions |
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175 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions |
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176 | (1) |
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State Executive Materials |
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176 | (1) |
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Other State Administrative and Executive Materials |
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177 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Treaties and Conventions |
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178 | (1) |
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Treaties and Conventions to Which the United States is a Party |
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179 | (7) |
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Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions Currently in Force |
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179 | (4) |
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Selected Bound Treaty Sources |
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182 | (1) |
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Internet Access to International Materials |
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183 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions No Longer in Force |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Treatises, Books, and Other Nonperiodic Materials |
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185 | (1) |
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Treatises, Books, and Other Nonperiodic Materials |
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186 | (14) |
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186 | (10) |
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Short Citation Format for Works Other Than Those in a Collection |
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196 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Works in a Collection |
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197 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Legal and Other Periodicals |
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199 | (1) |
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Legal and Other Periodicals |
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200 | (8) |
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200 | (6) |
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Identifying Student Authors |
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201 | (5) |
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206 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: A.L.R. Annotations |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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Abbreviations for A.L.R. Series |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Legal Dictionaries |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Legal Encyclopedias |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (6) |
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214 | (4) |
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Encyclopedia Abbreviations |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws |
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219 | (1) |
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Restatements, Model Codes, and Uniform Laws |
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220 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format for Restatements |
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220 | (2) |
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Subject Matters of Restatements |
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221 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Restatements |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Looseleaf Services and Reporters |
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224 | (1) |
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Looseleaf Services and Reporters |
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225 | (7) |
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Full Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services |
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225 | (4) |
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Abbreviations for Looseleaf Publishers |
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227 | (1) |
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Understanding Paragraphs in Looseleaf Services |
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228 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services |
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229 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services |
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230 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services |
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230 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records |
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231 | (1) |
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Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records |
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232 | (6) |
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232 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents |
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232 | (2) |
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Full Citation Format for Transcripts |
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234 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents and for Transcripts |
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235 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Appellate Records |
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236 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Appellate Records |
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236 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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237 | (1) |
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Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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238 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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238 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by the Author |
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243 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by Another |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Letters and Memoranda |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda |
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247 | (2) |
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Short Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda |
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249 | (1) |
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Published Letters and Memoranda |
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250 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts |
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251 | (1) |
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Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts |
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252 | (6) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: Sound Recordings |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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Full Citation Format for Entire Recordings |
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258 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for a Single Work in a Collection |
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259 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Sound Recordings |
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259 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Microformed Materials |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (3) |
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Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Materials Also Available in Print Format |
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261 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Not Otherwise Available |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Forthcoming Works |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Unpublished Works |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
Part 4 Electronic Sources And Neutral Citations |
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269 | (22) |
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General Information about Online and Electronic Citation Formats |
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271 | (3) |
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Source Available in Print and Electronic Formats |
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271 | (1) |
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Source Available Only in Electronic Format |
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271 | (3) |
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Accessibility of Electronic Sources |
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272 | (1) |
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Fast Formats: Westlaw and LEXIS |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (5) |
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Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier is Available |
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274 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier is Not Available |
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274 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for Westlaw and Lexis Citations |
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275 | (1) |
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Compilation of Materials from Electronic Databases |
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276 | (3) |
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Fast Formats: World Wide Web Sites |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (5) |
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279 | (3) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: Electronic Mail |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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Full Citation Format for Personal E-mail |
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284 | (1) |
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Full Citation Format for E-mail Sent to a Discussion Group or Listserv |
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284 | (1) |
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Short Citation Format for E-mail |
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285 | (2) |
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Fast Formats: CD-ROM Material |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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Definition and Background |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
Part 5 Incorporating Citations Into Documents |
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291 | (24) |
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Citation Placement and Use |
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293 | (8) |
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293 | (5) |
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Using Your Word Processor to Format Footnotes |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Number of Sources to Cite |
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298 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Determining Which Authorities to Cite in a Legal Memorandum or Court Document |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (4) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Signals and Explanatory Parentheticals |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Placement and Typeface of Signals |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Order of Signals and Punctuation between Different Signals |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Order of Cited Authorities |
|
|
305 | (6) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Punctuation between Citations |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
Specific Order of Authorities |
|
|
307 | (4) |
|
Explanatory Parentheticals |
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
Using Explanatory Parentheticals |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Placement of Explanatory Parentheticals |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
Using Explanatory Parentheticals Effectively |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Formatting Explanatory Parentheticals |
|
|
313 | (2) |
Part 6 Quotations |
|
315 | (132) |
|
|
317 | (8) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Quotations within Quotations |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
|
325 | (4) |
|
Altering the Case of a Letter |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Adding, Changing, or Deleting One or More Letters |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Substituting or Adding Words |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Mistakes within Original Quoted Material |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
Omissions within Quoted Material |
|
|
329 | (118) |
|
General Considerations When Omitting Material within a Quotation |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
|
332 | (3) |
Appendices |
|
|
Appendix 1: Primary Sources by Jurisdiction |
|
|
335 | (44) |
|
Appendix 2: Local Court Citation Rules |
|
|
379 | (28) |
|
Appendix 3: General Abbreviations |
|
|
407 | (8) |
|
Appendix 4: Court Abbreviations |
|
|
415 | (4) |
|
Sidebar A4--1: Dissecting a District Court Abbreviation |
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
Appendix 5: Abbreviations for Legal Periodicals |
|
|
419 | (24) |
|
Appendix 6: Legal Memorandum Example |
|
|
443 | (4) |
Index |
|
447 | |