PREFACE, 1999 |
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xi | (26) |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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xxxvii | |
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3 | (14) |
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American Dilemma: Technological versus Social-Welfare Goals |
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Characteristics of the American Hospital System |
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2. Charities and Businesses: Hospitals in the Early Twentieth Century |
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17 | (35) |
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Establishing the Power Base: Patterns of Allegiance |
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Charities as Businesses: The Pay System |
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The Public Role of Private Hospitals |
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The Hospital as an Instrument of Progressive Ideas |
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3. A National Enterprise: Setting Basic Rules |
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52 | (28) |
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Scientific Medicine as a Basis for Authority |
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Standardizing Medical Education |
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Hospitals and the Internship |
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Regulating Hospitals: A Posse of Players |
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Hospital Administrators and Scientific Management |
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Coming to Grips with Standards in Surgery |
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4. The Case for Cooperative Medicine: World War I |
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80 | (25) |
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Organizing Medicine for the Service of Patients |
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The Health-Insurance Movement |
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Influence of Wartime Practices at Home |
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Nursing as Patriotism Made Visible |
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Military Men and Civilian Institutions |
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A "Negative Instrument of Evolution"? |
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5. Hospitals in the 1920s: The Flowering of Consumerism |
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105 | (35) |
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Constructing the Consumer Institution |
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Standardization Is Achieved-Within Limits |
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Consumers and Communities |
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The Public Power of Private Interests |
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Problems and Limits of a Marketplace Ethos |
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6. The Political Creation of the Voluntary Ideal: Hospitals During the Depression and the Early New Deal |
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140 | (31) |
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Defining Hospital and Medical Interests Against the Threat of Government Domination |
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Hospital Administration as a Profession |
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Carving Out the Middle Ground: The Voluntary Sector |
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Hospital Associations as Political Lobbies |
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The Political Utility of the Voluntary Ideal |
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7. Technology and the Workers: The Genesis of Blue Cross |
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171 | (29) |
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The Necessary Institution |
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The Technological Bureaucracy |
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Beginnings of Group Hospitalization |
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Blue Cross and National Policy-making |
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How Should Hospital Technology Be Distributed? |
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Policies and Politics in the Late 1930s |
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8. Consolidation Without Jeopardy: Planning in the Shadow of World War II |
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200 | (27) |
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Hospital Medicine as Medical Science |
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A Knowledge-Based System? |
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Wartime Programs and Their Implications |
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Laying the Base for Postwar Planning |
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Hospital Planning: Consensus from Within |
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The Hill-Burton Act: Expansionism and Independence |
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Hospital Planning and the Voluntary Ethos |
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Planning as a Process, Science as a Mission |
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9. Pillars of Respectable Independence: The 1950s |
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227 | (29) |
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Government Policy-making by Incentives |
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The Community Institution |
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The Industrial Model of Organization |
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Hospital-Medical-Staff Relations |
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Hospitals and the Quality of Care |
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Emergence of Larger Community Interests |
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10. The Drive for Reimbursement |
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256 | (28) |
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Hospital Financing: Largesse and Limitations |
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Blue Cross on the National Scene |
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Selling Hospital Services to Government |
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New Elements in the Public-Private Mix |
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Is Voluntary Planning Feasible? |
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11. Pragmatism in the Marketplace: 1965-80 |
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284 | (37) |
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Medicare and Medicaid Are Implemented |
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Capital: The Keystone of the Arch |
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Planning and the Politics of Debt |
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12. Hospitals at the End of the Twentieth Century |
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321 | (30) |
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The New Standardization: Federal Control |
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Quality: A Question of Measurement or a Question of Trust? |
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Redefining the Workshop: Hospitals and Doctors |
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Voluntarism Redux: Charity and Tax Exemption |
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Ironies and Inconsistencies |
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13. The American Hospital System in Historical Perspective |
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351 | (16) |
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Ideals and Ideology in Hospital Policy |
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The Not-for-Profit Sector |
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NOTES |
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367 | (52) |
INDEX |
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419 | |