Projection Displays,9780471982531

Projection Displays

by ;
ISBN13: 9780471982531
ISBN10: 0471982539
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1999-02-01
Publisher(s): WILEY
List Price: $241.50

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Summary

The projection display business is growing at an impressive rate and is predicted to be worth >$6B by the year 2000. The main projection displays - flat panel and cathode ray tube (CRT) - have important commercial applications in entertainment systems (Televisions and computers), education (lecturing and distance learning), and video conferencing. This practical treatment of projection display design and engineering fills an important gap in the information display systems literature. Opening with an overview of the history, main application areas and markets for projection displays the authors move on to describe the two principal systems architectures - emissive and light modulating systems.

Table of Contents

Foreword xiii(2)
Preface xv(4)
About the Authors xix
PART 1 APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS 1(24)
1 Introduction
3(8)
1.1 Overview of Projection Displays
3(4)
1.2 Book Organization
7(1)
1.3 What is Not Covered
8(1)
References
9(2)
2 Markets and Applications
11(14)
2.1 Overview
11(2)
2.1.1 Light-valves and light-amplifiers
12(1)
2.1.2 Emissive systems
13(1)
2.2 Applications and Performance Requirements
13(8)
2.2.1 Requisite luminance levels
14(2)
2.2.1.1 Flux requirements for presentation and auditorium
16(2)
2.2.1.2 Lumens for a desktop monitor
18(2)
2.2.1.3 Electronic cinema
20(1)
2.2.2 Resolution
21(1)
2.3 Markets
21(3)
References
24(1)
PART 2 IMAGE-SOURCE COMPONENTS 25(60)
3 Emissive Image Sources
27(14)
3.1 Projection CRTs
27(10)
3.1.1 Luminous output of projection CRTs
28(2)
3.1.2 Phosphors
30(2)
3.1.3 Resolution of projection CRTs
32(3)
3.1.4 Spot size of beam
35(1)
3.1.5 Light collection/curvature
36(1)
3.2 Field-emission Devices
37(1)
3.3 Lasers for Projection
38(2)
References
40(1)
4 Liquid Crystal Light Valves
41(30)
4.1 Active Matrices
42(14)
4.1.1 Operation of active-matrix circuits
43(2)
4.1.1.1 Effects of leakage
45(2)
4.1.1.2 Charging currents
47(1)
4.1.2 Technologies
47(1)
4.1.2.1 Alpha-Si TFTs
48(3)
4.1.2.2 Poly-Si TFTs
51(2)
4.1.2.3 Crystalline silicon active matrices
53(1)
4.1.2.4 Active matrices based on two-terminal devices
54(2)
4.2 Liquid Crystal Effects
56(12)
4.2.1 Liquid crystal cells
58(1)
4.2.2 Nematic cells
59(1)
4.2.2.1 Parallel aligned layer cells
60(1)
4.2.2.2 Twisted nematic cells
60(4)
4.2.3 Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)
64(2)
4.2.4 Other liquid crystal effects
66(2)
References
68(3)
5 Micro-electromechanical Devices
71(8)
5.1 DMD
71(4)
5.1.1 Device operation
72(1)
5.1.2 Gray scale
73(2)
5.1.3 Pixelation
75(1)
5.2 Grating Light Valve
75(2)
5.3 Actuated Mirror Array (AMA)
77(1)
References
77(2)
6 e-Beam and Optically Addressed Devices
79(6)
6.1 Light Amplifiers
79(3)
6.2 e-Beam-addressed Deformable-surface Devices
82(2)
6.2.1 Eidophor
82(1)
6.2.2 Talaria
83(1)
References
84(1)
PART 3 OTHER KEY COMPONENTS 85(114)
7 Key Optical Components
87(90)
7.1 Factors Affecting Projector Optical Performance
87(1)
7.2 Component Efficiency
88(1)
7.3 Optical Filters
89(25)
7.3.1 Fresnel reflection at optical surfaces
89(3)
7.3.2 Dichroic filters
92(4)
7.3.2.1 Dichroic filters at non-normal incidence
96(2)
7.3.2.2 Dichroic filters in polarized light
98(1)
7.3.2.3 Dichroic filters in the imaging path
99(2)
7.3.2.4 Anti-reflection coatings
101(2)
7.3.3 Absorptive filters
103(1)
7.3.4 Electrically tunable color filters
104(1)
7.3.5 Mirrors
105(2)
7.3.6 Total internal reflection
107(1)
7.3.6.1 TIR prisms for angular separation
108(2)
7.3.7 Filters for UV control
110(1)
7.3.8 Filters for IR control
111(2)
7.3.9 Indium-tin oxide
113(1)
7.4 Integrators
114(11)
7.4.1 Lenslet integrators
116(5)
7.4.2 Rod integrators
121(2)
7.4.3 Other integrator types
123(2)
7.5 Polarization Components
125(17)
7.5.1 Absorptive polarizers
126(3)
7.5.2 Reflective polarizer technology
129(1)
7.5.2.1 Brewster plate
130(1)
7.5.2.2 MacNeille polarizing prisms
130(3)
7.5.2.3 Bertrand-Feussner prism
133(2)
7.5.2.4 Other reflective polarizers
135(2)
7.5.3 Polarization conversion systems
137(3)
7.5.4 Polarizing beam splitters in the imaging path
140(2)
7.6 Projection Lenses
142(11)
7.6.1 Three-lens projectors
142(1)
7.6.2 Single-lens projectors
143(1)
7.6.3 Zoom lenses, focal length and throw ratio
144(2)
7.6.4 Projection lens offset
146(4)
7.6.5 Matching the projection lens to the illumination optical path
150(3)
7.7 Projection Screens
153(19)
7.7.1 Projection screen gain
154(2)
7.7.2 Multiple projectors and screen gain
156(1)
7.7.3 Rear projection screens
157(1)
7.7.3.1 Fresnel lens
157(3)
7.7.3.2 Rear projection CRT screens
160(3)
Double lenticular screens
163(2)
TIR screens
165(2)
7.7.3.3 Light-valve rear projection systems
167(1)
7.7.3.4 Speckle
168(4)
7.7.4 Front projection screens
172(1)
References
172(5)
8 Lamps for Light-valve Projection Systems
177(22)
8.1 Lamp Parameters
177(1)
8.2 Types of Projection Lamps
178(7)
8.2.1 Xenon lamps
179(1)
8.2.2 Metal-halide types
180(3)
8.2.3 The UHP lamp
183(1)
8.2.4 Tungsten-halogen lamps
184(1)
8.3 Efficacy and Lumen Output
185(2)
8.4 Spectral Characteristics of Lamps
187(1)
8.4.1 Lamp spectral emission lines
187(1)
8.5 Light Distribution from an HID Lamp
188(1)
8.6 Lamp Life
189(4)
8.6.1 Lamp servicing
190(1)
8.6.2 Failure mechanisms
190(1)
8.6.2.1 Measurement of lamp life
191(2)
8.7 Reflectors and Other Collection Systems
193(3)
8.7.1 Reflectors with conic sections
193(1)
8.7.2 Compound reflectors
194(1)
8.7.3 Constant magnification reflectors
195(1)
8.7.4 Refractive collection systems
195(1)
8.8 Lamp Ballasts and Ignitors
196(2)
References
198(1)
PART 4 PROJECTOR ARCHITECTURES AND PERFORMANCE 199(88)
9 Emissive Projection Systems
201(12)
9.1 CRT Projectors
201(9)
9.1.1 Three-lens CRT projectors
202(2)
9.1.2 One-lens CRT projectors
204(1)
9.1.3 Convergence of CRT projection systems
205(3)
9.1.4 Lumen output of CRT projectors
208(2)
9.2 Laser-based Projectors
210(2)
References
212(1)
10 Light-valve and Light-amplifier System Architectures
213(26)
10.1 Light-valve Systems
213(2)
10.2 Three-light-valve Systems
215(5)
10.2.1 Three-panel equal path
215(3)
10.2.2 Unequal path systems
218(2)
10.2.3 Three-panel, three-lens projectors
220(1)
10.3 One-panel Projectors
220(11)
10.3.1 Sub-pixelated projectors
221(1)
10.3.1.1 Microfilter projector
221(2)
10.3.1.2 Angular color-separation projectors
223(1)
10.3.1.3 Resolution of sub-pixelated projectors
224(2)
10.3.2 Color-field sequential systems
226(2)
10.3.2.1 Three-lamp field sequential
228(1)
10.3.2.2 Scrolling color systems
229(2)
10.4 Two-panel Systems
231(1)
10.5 Schlieren Optics-based Projectors
232(4)
10.5.1 Dark field and bright field systems
232(2)
10.5.2 Schlieren light-valve systems
234(2)
10.6 Light-amplifier Systems
236(1)
References
237(2)
11 Modeling Lumen Throughput
239(48)
11.1 Simplified Model
239(2)
11.2 Light Collection and Etendue
241(13)
11.2.1 Definition of etendue
242(2)
11.2.1.1 Etendue at a flat surface
244(1)
11.2.2 Etendue-limited systems
245(1)
11.2.3 Lumen vs. etendue function
246(2)
11.2.3.1 Etendue-conserving transformations
248(1)
11.2.3.2 Shape conversion
248(3)
11.2.3.3 Usable etendue
251(2)
11.2.3.4 Limitations of lumen vs. etendue model
253(1)
11.3 Integrators and Lumen Throughput
254(3)
11.3.1 Overfill losses
254(1)
11.3.2 Integrator etendue and collection efficiency
255(2)
11.4 Light-valve Properties
257(4)
11.4.1 Panel transmission
258(2)
11.4.2 Modulation efficiency
260(1)
11.5 Full Colorimetric Model of the Projector
261(9)
11.5.1 White light throughput prior to color correction
262(2)
11.5.2 Color correction to the desired white point
264(3)
11.5.3 Color-separation efficiency
267(2)
11.5.4 Problems with lumen throughput calculations
269(1)
11.6 Lumen Output Variation in Production
270(3)
References
273(2)
12 Projector Lumen Throughput
275(12)
12.1 Throughput of a Simple Transmissive Projector
275(3)
12.2 Throughput in a Three-panel Projector
278(2)
12.3 Throughput Estimate Using the Full Colorimetric Model
280(5)
Reference
285(2)
PART 5 DISPLAY CHARACTERIZATION AND PERCEPTION 287(50)
13 Characteristics and Characterization
289(32)
13.1 Characteristics of the Human Visual System
289(2)
13.2 Spatial Characteristics of the Image
291(11)
13.2.1 Pixel count
291(1)
13.2.2 Modulation transfer function
292(2)
13.2.2.1 MTF of raster-scanned displays
294(1)
13.2.2.2 MTF of sampled systems
295(2)
13.2.2.3 MTFs of other elements
297(2)
13.2.2.4 Convergence
299(2)
13.2.2.5 MTF of projection screens
301(1)
13.3 Luminance, Contrast and Color
302(16)
13.3.1 Luminance and brightness
302(1)
13.3.1.1 Measurement of luminance
303(1)
13.3.1.2 ANSI lumens
304(2)
13.3.1.3 Center-weighted lumens
306(1)
13.3.1.4 Luminance patch tests
307(1)
13.3.2 Contrast
308(2)
13.3.3 Colorimetry
310(1)
13.3.3.1 The specification of color
310(2)
13.3.3.2 Measurement of the luminance and color of projection systems
312(2)
13.3.3.3 Color accuracy
314(3)
13.3.4 Gamma effects
317(1)
References
318(3)
14 Image Artifacts
321(16)
14.1. Spatial Artifacts
321(9)
14.1.1 Moire: alias and beat frequencies
321(3)
14.1.1.1 Origins of Moire
324(4)
14.1.2 Screen-door effect of pixelation
328(1)
14.1.2.1 Depixelation
329(1)
14.2 Temporal Artifacts
330(6)
14.2.1 Flicker
331(2)
14.2.2 Judder
333(1)
14.2.3 Artifacts in color-field sequential systems
334(1)
14.2.3.1 Stationary images
334(1)
14.2.3.2 Images with motion
335(1)
References
336(1)
PART 6 APPENDICES 337
A1 Radiometry and Photometry
339(6)
References
343(2)
A2 Colorimetry
345(14)
A2.1 Introduction
345(1)
A2.2 CIE 1931 2(Degree) Color-matching Functions
346(1)
A2.3 Calculation of Color
347(2)
A2.4 Color Temperature
349(1)
A2.5 The Chromaticity Diagram
350(1)
A2.6 Color-luminance Difference Formulas
350(2)
A2.7 Measurement of Color
352(5)
A2.8 Tabulated CIE 1931 2(Degree) Photopic Color-matching Functions
357(1)
References
357(2)
A3 Lumen vs. Etendue Parametric Model
359(12)
A3.1 Introduction
359(1)
A3.2 Definition of Etendue
360(1)
A3.3 Etendue at a Flat Surface
361(1)
A3.4 Etendue of a Cylindrical Surface
361(2)
A3.5 Lamp-Reflector Model
363(4)
A3.6 Comparison of Measurement Data to the Model
367(2)
References
369(2)
A4 Glossary
371

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