Ethnography and Virtual Worlds

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2012-08-27
Publisher(s): AMAZON
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Summary

Ethnography and Virtual Worldsis the only book of its kind--a concise, comprehensive, and practical guide for students, teachers, designers, and scholars interested in using ethnographic methods to study online virtual worlds, including both game and nongame environments. Written by leading ethnographers of virtual worlds, and focusing on the key method of participant observation, the book provides invaluable advice, tips, guidelines, and principles to aid researchers through every stage of a project, from choosing an online fieldsite to writing and publishing the results. Provides practical and detailed techniques for ethnographic research customized to reflect the specific issues of online virtual worlds, both game and nongame Draws on research in a range of virtual worlds, including Everquest, Second Life, There.com, and World of Warcraft Provides suggestions for dealing with institutional review boards, human subjects protocols, and ethical issues Guides the reader through the full trajectory of ethnographic research, from research design to data collection, data analysis, and writing up and publishing research results Addresses myths and misunderstandings about ethnographic research, and argues for the scientific value of ethnography

Author Biography

Tom Boellstorff is professor of anthropology at the University of California, Irvine. His books include Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Bonnie Nardi is professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine. Her books include My Life as a Night Elf Priest: An Anthropological Account of World of Warcraft. Celia Pearce is associate professor of digital media at Georgia Institute to Technology. Her books include Communities of Play: Emergent Cultures in Multiplayer Games and Virtual Worlds. T.L. Taylor is associate professor of comparative media studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her books include Play Between Worlds: Exploring Online Game Culture.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgmentsp. xi
Forewordp. xiii
Why this Handbook?p. 1
Beginningsp. 1
Why ethnographic methods and why virtual worlds?p. 6
Why a handbook?p. 8
An orientation to the virtual worlds we studiedp. 9
Three Brief Historiesp. 13
A brief history of ethnographic methodsp. 13
A brief history of virtual worldsp. 22
A brief history of research on virtual world culturesp. 25
The uses of historyp. 27
Ten Myths About Ethnographyp. 29
Ethnography is unscientificp. 30
Ethnography is less valid than quantitative researchp. 36
Ethnography is simply anecdotalp. 40
Ethnography is undermined by subjectivityp. 41
Ethnography is merely intuitivep. 42
Ethnography is writing about your personal experiencep. 43
Ethnographers contaminate fieldsites by their very presencep. 44
Ethnography is the same as grounded theoryp. 45
Ethnography is the same as ethnomethodologyp. 46
Ethnography will become obsoletep. 48
Research Design and Preparationp. 52
Research questions: emergence, relevance, and personal interestp. 52
Selecting a group or activity to studyp. 57
Scope of the fieldsitep. 59
Attending to offline contextsp. 61
Participant Observation in Virtual Worldsp. 65
Participant observation in contextp. 65
Participant observation in practicep. 69
Preparing the researching selfp. 72
Taking care in initiating relationships with informantsp. 76
Making mistakesp. 79
Taking extensive fieldnotesp. 82
Keeping data organizedp. 85
Participant observation and ethnographic knowledgep. 87
The timing and duration of participant observationp. 88
The experimenting attitudep. 90
Interviews and Virtual Worlds Researchp. 92
The value of interviews in ethnographic researchp. 92
Effective interviewingp. 94
The value of group interviews in ethnographic researchp. 104
Size, structure, and location for group interviewsp. 106
Transcriptionp. 110
Other Data Collection Methods for Virtual Worlds Researchp. 113
Capturing chatlogsp. 113
Capturing screenshotsp. 114
Capturing videop. 116
Capturing audiop. 117
Data collection in other online contextsp. 118
Historical and archival researchp. 120
Virtual artifactsp. 121
Offline interviews and participant observationp. 124
Using quantitative datap. 126
Ethicsp. 129
The principle of carep. 129
Informed consentp. 131
Mitigating institutional and legal riskp. 135
Anonymityp. 136
Deceptionp. 142
Sex and intimacyp. 144
Doing good and compensationp. 146
Taking leavep. 148
Accurate portrayalp. 149
Human Subjects Clearance and Institutional Review Boardsp. 151
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)p. 151
Preparing a protocol for KB reviewp. 153
Working with IRBsp. 155
Informed consent and anonymityp. 156
Data Analysisp. 159
Ethnographic data analysis: flexibility and emergencep. 159
Preliminary reflections while in the fieldp. 160
The role of theory in data analysisp. 162
Beginning data analysis: systematize and thematizep. 164
Working with participant observation datap. 168
Working with individual and group interview datap. 170
Working with images, video, and textual datap. 172
The end of the data analysis phase: from themes to narratives and argumentsp. 174
Generalization and comparisonp. 176
Writing Up, Presenting, and Publishing Ethnographic Researchp. 182
The early stages of writing up: conferences, drafts, blogsp. 182
Written genresp. 185
Disseminationp. 186
The writing processp. 190
A quick trip back to the field?p. 192
Tone, style, and audiencep. 193
Conclusion: Arrivals and New Departuresp. 196
Referencesp. 201
Indexp. 223
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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